CoCalc Shared FilesMath2160L / A1 / A1acelest6.tex
Author: Aalliyah Celestine
Views : 62
1\documentclass{article}
2
3% set font encoding for PDFLaTeX, XeLaTeX, or LuaTeX
4\usepackage{ifxetex,ifluatex}
5\if\ifxetex T\else\ifluatex T\else F\fi\fi T%
6  \usepackage{fontspec}
7\else
8  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
9  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
10  \usepackage{lmodern}
11\fi
12
13\usepackage{hyperref}
14\newtheorem{example} {Example}
15\newtheorem{exercise} {Exercise}
16
17\title{Math Technology Lab - Day 1}
18\author{Aalliyah Celestine}
19
20% Enable SageTeX to run SageMath code right inside this LaTeX file.
21% http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/tutorial/sagetex.html
22% \usepackage{sagetex}
23
24% Enable PythonTeX to run Python – https://ctan.org/pkg/pythontex
25% \usepackage{pythontex}
26
27\begin{document}
28\maketitle
29
30\section{Introduction}
31In this document we discuss the definition of derivatives as limits of the difference quotient, and illustrate it with some examples.
32
33\section{The definition of derivative} \label{sec2}
34
35Let $f$ be a function of a real variable whose formula contains the interval $(a,b)$, and let $x$ be a real number in $(a,b)$. We then define
36\begin{equation} \label{defder}
37f'(x)=\lim_{h\rightarrow h}\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h},\end{equation}
38provided the limit exist.
39
40\begin{example} \label{dx2}
41Suppose $f(x)=x^2$. We will show that $f'(x)=2x$. Using the definition (\ref{defder}), we find
42\begin{eqnarray*}
43f'(x)&=&\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{(x+h)^2-x^2}{h}\\[2ex]&=& \lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{x^2+2xh+h^2-x^2}{h}\\[2ex]&=&\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{2xh+h^2}{h}\\[2ex]&=&\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}\frac{h(2x+h)}{h}\\[2ex]&=&\lim_{h\rightarrow 0}(2x+h)\\[2ex]&=&2x
44\end{eqnarray*}
45\end{example}
46
47The calculation in example ( \ref{dx2}) is a special case of the general power rule: if $f(x)=x^n$, then
48$$f'(x)=nx^{n-1}$$
49
50\section{Linearization}
51
52As an application of the derivative that we studied in section (\ref{sec2}), we now use the tangent line to a function as a way to approximate the function near a given point.
53
54Some functions are easy to compute at a few points, but not so easy at most points.
55
56\begin{example}
57If $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$, then $f(4)=\sqrt{4}=2$ and $f(16)=\sqrt{16}=4$, but what is $f(7)$?
58\end{example}
59
60\begin{example}
61If $f(x)=\ln x$, then $f(1)=\ln 1=0$ and $f(e)=\ln e=1$, but what is $f(2)$?
62\end{example}
63
64\begin{example}
65If $f(x)=\sin x$, then $f(0)=\sin(0)=0$, $f(\pi/2)=\sin(\pi/2)=1$, and $f(\pi/6)=\sin(\pi/6)=(1/2)$, but what is $f(1)$?
66\end{example}
67
68The simplest type of functions are the linear functions, that is the functions form
69\begin{eqnarray*}
70f(x)=mx+b,
71\end{eqnarray*}
72whose graph is a straight line. These functions are easy to compute at all points.
73
74In this section, we will study a procedure called linearization that allows us to find approximate values of a function $f(x)$ "near" a given point $x=a$ using only the values of $f(x)$ and its derivative $f'(x)$ at $x=a$.
75
76That means that if $x=a$ is a point where $f(x)$ and $f'(x)$ are easy to compute, then we can also easily compute $f(x)$ "near" that point.
77
78Of course saying "near" a point is not a precise description. We will not give a precise, formal definition of this concept, but informally, we will take that to mean that the approximation will get better and better as the point $x$ gets closer and closer to $a$.
79
80The idea is simple: we approximate a given function $f(x)$ near $x=a$ with its own tangent line at that point. The formula for a straight line $y=mx+b$ is easy to to compute at all points, and we know from looking at a graph that the tangent line to the graph of $f(x)$ at $x=a$ remains quite close to the graph of $f(x)$ as long as we do not go too far from $a$.
81
82Recall that the equation of the tangent line at $x=a$ is
83\begin{eqnarray*}
84y-f(a)=f'(a)(x-a).
85\end{eqnarray*}
86
87If we solve this for $y$, we get a linear function: $y=f(a)+f'(a)(x-a)$. We will denote this function by $L_{a}(x)$. So the linearization of $f(x)$ at $x=a$ is
88\begin{equation} \label{lindef}
89L_{a}(x)=f(a)+f'(a)(x-a)
90\end{equation}
91
92\begin{exercise}
93
94Let $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$, and $a=25$. Find the linearization $L_{a}(x)$ given by (\ref{lindef}), then use it to estimate $\sqrt{27}$.
95$f(25)=\sqrt{25}=5$.
96\end{exercise}
97\begin{eqnarray*}
98L_a(27)&=&f(25)+f'(25)(27-25)\\[1ex]&=&5+f'(25)(27-25)\\[1ex]&=&5+f'(25)(2)\\[1ex]&=&5+\frac{1}{2\sqrt{25}}(2)\\[1ex]&=&5+\frac{1}{10}(2)\\[1ex]&=&5+\frac{1}{5}\\[1ex]&=&5.2
99\end{eqnarray*}
100
101\end{document}
102