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On the classification of Kähler-Ricci solitons on Gorenstein del Pezzo surfaces: Calculations for threefolds

Project: solitons
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On the classificiation of Kähler-Ricci solitons on Gorenstein del Pezzo surfaces

Calculation for the preprint arXiv:1705.02920.

List of smooth Fano threefolds with 2-torus action

  1. Q

  2. 2.24

  3. 2.29

  4. 2.30

  5. 2.31

  6. 2.32

  7. 3.8

  8. 3.10

  9. 3.18

  10. 3.19

  11. 3.20

  12. 3.21

  13. 3.22

  14. 3.23

  15. 3.24

  16. 4.4

  17. 4.5

  18. 4.7

  19. 4.8

Here some helper functions are defined. These are degenerations() for calculating the toric special fibres of the test configurations and intxexp() to solve the integrals Δu,veu,ξdu\int_\Delta \langle u, v \rangle e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle} du analytically.
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No. 2.30

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((3,0),(2,1),(2,1),(3,0),(0,3))\Box= \text{conv} (\, (-3,0),(-2,1),(2,1),(3,0),(0,-3) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y},  Φ(x,y)=xy12\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,-x\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,y\},\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \frac{x-y-1}{2}.

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 16 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(16) Polyhedron() # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-3,0],[-2,1],[2,1],[3,0],[0,-3]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,-1,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,0,1]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[-1/2,1/2,-1/2]]).transpose() PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The empty polyhedron in ZZ^0 The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,x)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -x\right)
(x,y)  min(0,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, y\right)
(x,y)  12x12y12\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2} \, y - \frac{1}{2}

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (1001)\left(\begin{smallmatrix}-1 & 0\\ 0 & 1\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence, we have ξ=(0,ξ2)\xi=(0,\xi_2). We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,(0,ξ2)du=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(0,ξ2,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, (0,\xi_2) \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (0,\xi_2,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for lambda Lambda = vector([1,3,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([1,0,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,1,0])).simplify_full() show(vector([F1,F2]))
ξ2  (((ξ222)e(3ξ2)2ξ2+4e(2ξ2)2)e(2ξ2)ξ23,2((ξ222)e(3ξ2)2ξ2+4e(2ξ2)2)e(2ξ2)ξ23)\displaystyle \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \left(-\frac{{\left({\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 4 \, e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}},\,\frac{2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 4 \, e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}}\right)

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between lower = 0.514 upper = 0.515 #define a real value xi_RIF between xi_1 and xi_2 # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F2(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F2(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
Error in lines 4-5 Traceback (most recent call last): File "/cocalc/lib/python2.7/site-packages/smc_sagews/sage_server.py", line 1234, in execute flags=compile_flags), namespace, locals) File "", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'F2' is not defined

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every (admissible) choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals for i in range(3): latex(H[i])
((2ξ233ξ23)e(4ξ2)+3(3ξ22+2)e(3ξ2)3ξ23)e(3ξ2)3ξ241.088\displaystyle \frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 3 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{3 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 1.088
((8ξ23+6ξ223)e(4ξ2)12(3ξ223ξ2+1)e(3ξ2)+12ξ2+15)e(3ξ2)6ξ242.178\displaystyle \frac{{\left({\left(8 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 12 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, \xi_{2} + 15\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 2.178
(2(2ξ233ξ23)e(4ξ2)3(3ξ2212ξ2+2)e(3ξ2)+12ξ2+12)e(3ξ2)6ξ240.4465\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 3 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 12 \, \xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, \xi_{2} + 12\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.4465
((8ξ23+6ξ223)e(4ξ2)3(3ξ222)e(3ξ2)6ξ23)e(3ξ2)6ξ244.151\displaystyle \frac{{\left({\left(8 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 3 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 4.151
Threefold is stable! \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 3 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{3 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left({\left(8 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 12 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, \xi_{2} + 15\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 3 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 12 \, \xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, \xi_{2} + 12\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}}

No. 2.31

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((3,0),(1,2),(0,2),(2,0),(2,1),(0,3))\Box= \text{conv} (\,(-3,0),(-1,2),(0,2),(2,0),(2,-1),(0,-3) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y},  Φ(x,y)=min{y,xy12}\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,-x\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,y\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \min \{-y, \frac{x-y-1}{2} \}.

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 60 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(60) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-3,0],[-1,2],[0,2],[2,0],[2,-1],[0,-3]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,-1,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,0,1]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[-1/2,1/2,-1/2],[0,0,-1]]).transpose() PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,x)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -x\right)
(x,y)  min(0,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, y\right)
(x,y)  min(12x12y12,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(\frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2} \, y - \frac{1}{2}, -y\right)

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (0110)\left(\begin{smallmatrix} 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence, we have ξ=(ξ1,ξ1)\xi=(\xi_1,\xi_1). We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for lambda Lambda = vector([1,3,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_1) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_1,0]),vector([1,-1,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_1) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_1,0]),vector([1,1,0])).simplify_full() show(vector([F1,F2])) latex(F2)
ξ1  (0,(9ξ128(ξ12ξ1)e(5ξ1)+(3ξ125ξ13)e(4ξ1)+9ξ1+3)e(3ξ1)2ξ14)\displaystyle \xi_{1} \ {\mapsto}\ \left(0,\,-\frac{{\left(9 \, \xi_{1}^{2} - 8 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} - \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(3 \, \xi_{1}^{2} - 5 \, \xi_{1} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 9 \, \xi_{1} + 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{1}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{1}^{4}}\right)
\xi_{1} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(9 \, \xi_{1}^{2} - 8 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} - \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(3 \, \xi_{1}^{2} - 5 \, \xi_{1} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 9 \, \xi_{1} + 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{1}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{1}^{4}}

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between lower = 0.285497 upper = 0.285507 #define a real value xi_RIF between xi_1 and xi_2 # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F2(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F2(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
Error in lines 4-5 Traceback (most recent call last): File "/cocalc/lib/python2.7/site-packages/smc_sagews/sage_server.py", line 1234, in execute flags=compile_flags), namespace, locals) File "", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'F2' is not defined

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every (admissible) choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([xi_2,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals for i in range(4): print("next") latex(H[i](xi_2))
(12ξ22+(4ξ22+2ξ23)e(4ξ2)+10ξ2+3)e(3ξ2)8ξ241.9509140285745875\displaystyle \frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(4 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 2 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 10 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{8 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 1.9509140285745875
(6ξ2216(ξ22ξ2)e(5ξ2)+(2ξ2212ξ23)e(4ξ2)+8ξ2+3)e(3ξ2)8ξ241.9410571489743145\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 16 \, {\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - \xi_{2}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 12 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 8 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{8 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 1.9410571489743145
(3ξ22(3ξ22+4ξ2+2)e(4ξ2)+4ξ2+4e(5ξ2)4e(3ξ2)+2)e(3ξ2)4ξ240.46321007208105124\displaystyle \frac{{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 4 \, \xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 4 \, \xi_{2} + 4 \, e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 4 \, e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{4 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.46321007208105124
(6ξ22+4(2ξ222ξ2+1)e(5ξ2)(2ξ223ξ2+2)e(4ξ2)+5ξ24e(3ξ2)+2)e(3ξ2)4ξ244.3703738710119923\displaystyle \frac{{\left(6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 4 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3 \, \xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 5 \, \xi_{2} - 4 \, e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{4 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 4.3703738710119923
Threefold is stable! next \frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(4 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 2 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 10 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{8 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next -\frac{{\left(6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 16 \, {\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - \xi_{2}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 12 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 8 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{8 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \frac{{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 4 \, \xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 4 \, \xi_{2} + 4 \, e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 4 \, e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{4 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \frac{{\left(6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 4 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3 \, \xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 5 \, \xi_{2} - 4 \, e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{4 \, \xi_{2}^{4}}

No. 3.8*

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((2,1),(2,1),(1,1),(3,1),(3,2),(1,2))\Box= \text{conv} (\,(-2,-1),(-2,1),(1,1),(3,-1),(3,-2),(-1,-2) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x12},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y12},  Φ(x,y)=min{0,x+y12}\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,\frac{-x-1}{2}\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,\frac{-y-1}{2}\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \min \{0, \frac{x+y-1}{2}\}.

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 60 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(60) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-2,-1],[-2,1],[1,1],[3,-1],[3,-2],[-1,-2]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[-1/2,-1/2,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[-1/2,0,-1/2]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[-1/2,1/2,1/2]]).transpose(); PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,12x12)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -\frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2}\right)
(x,y)  min(0,12y12)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -\frac{1}{2} \, y - \frac{1}{2}\right)
(x,y)  min(0,12x+12y12)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, \frac{1}{2} \, x + \frac{1}{2} \, y - \frac{1}{2}\right)

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (1101)\left(\begin{smallmatrix}-1 & -1\\ 0 & 1\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence, we have ξ=(0,ξ2)\xi=(0,\xi_2). We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for lambda Lambda = vector([1,5,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([1,0,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,1,0])).simplify_full() show(vector([F1,F2])) latex(F1) latex(F2)
ξ2  (((2ξ22ξ22)e(3ξ2)+5(ξ2+2)eξ28ξ28)e(2ξ2)4ξ23,((2ξ22ξ22)e(3ξ2)+5(ξ2+2)eξ28ξ28)e(2ξ2)2ξ23)\displaystyle \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \left(-\frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - \xi_{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 5 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 8 \, \xi_{2} - 8\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{4 \, \xi_{2}^{3}},\,\frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - \xi_{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 5 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 8 \, \xi_{2} - 8\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{3}}\right)
\xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - \xi_{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 5 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 8 \, \xi_{2} - 8\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{4 \, \xi_{2}^{3}} \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - \xi_{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 5 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 8 \, \xi_{2} - 8\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{3}}

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between find_root(F2,-10,10) lower = 0.799716 upper = 0.799717 #define a real value xi_RIF between xi_1 and xi_2 # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F2(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F2(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
0.7997160277154249 Interval containing solution: [0.79971599999999998242 .. 0.79971700000000001119]

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals
((2ξ221)e(2ξ2)+2ξ2+1)e(ξ2)4ξ230.87460114755231644\displaystyle \frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{4 \, \xi_{2}^{3}} \geq 0.87460114755231644
(48ξ22(5ξ239ξ2212ξ2)e(3ξ2)6(10ξ22+5ξ2+1)eξ2+24ξ2+6)e(2ξ2)24ξ240.92008662275004536\displaystyle \frac{{\left(48 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(5 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - 9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 12 \, \xi_{2}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6 \, {\left(10 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 5 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 24 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{24 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.92008662275004536
((2ξ221)e(2ξ2)+2ξ2+1)e(ξ2)4ξ230.87460114755231644\displaystyle \frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{4 \, \xi_{2}^{3}} \geq 0.87460114755231644
(48ξ22+(19ξ23+9ξ22)e(3ξ2)6(6ξ22+3ξ2+1)eξ2+24ξ2+6)e(2ξ2)24ξ242.6692906048111306\displaystyle \frac{{\left(48 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(19 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 9 \, \xi_{2}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6 \, {\left(6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 3 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 24 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{24 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 2.6692906048111306
Threefold is stable!

No. 3.18

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((3,0),(2,1),(2,1),(3,0),(1,2),(1,2))\Box= \text{conv} (\,(-3,0),(-2,1),(2,1),(3,0),(1,-2),(-1,-2) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x12,x},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y},  Φ(x,y)=xy12\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,\frac{-x-1}{2},-x\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{ 0,y\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \frac{x-y-1}{2}.

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 60 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(16) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-3,0],[-2,1],[2,1],[3,0],[1,-2],[-1,-2]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[-1/2,-1/2,0],[0,-1,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,0,1]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[-1/2,1/2,-1/2]]).transpose(); PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,12x12,x)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -\frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2}, -x\right)
(x,y)  min(0,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, y\right)
(x,y)  12x12y12\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2} \, y - \frac{1}{2}

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (1001)\left(\begin{smallmatrix}-1 & 0\\ 0 & 1\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence, we have ξ=(0,ξ2)\xi=(0,\xi_2). We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for lambda Lambda = vector([1,3,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([1,0,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,1,0])).simplify_full() show(vector([F1,F2])) latex(F2)
ξ2  (((ξ222)e(3ξ2)2ξ2+4e(2ξ2)2)e(2ξ2)ξ23,2((ξ222)e(3ξ2)2ξ2+4e(2ξ2)2)e(2ξ2)ξ23)\displaystyle \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \left(-\frac{{\left({\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 4 \, e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}},\,\frac{2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 4 \, e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}}\right)
\xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 4 \, e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}}

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between lower = 0.3796905 upper = 0.3797005 #define a real value xi_RIF between xi_1 and xi_2 # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F2(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F2(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
Interval containing solution: [0.379684 .. 0.379708]

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every (admissible) choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals for i in range(4): latex(H[i]) print "next"
(3ξ22+2(ξ233ξ23)e(3ξ2)+6(3ξ22+2)e(2ξ2)6)e(2ξ2)6ξ240.3681\displaystyle \frac{{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 2 \, {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.3681
(12ξ22(14ξ23+15ξ226)e(3ξ2)+24(3ξ223ξ2+1)e(2ξ2)+6ξ230)e(2ξ2)12ξ242.516\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(14 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 15 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, \xi_{2} - 30\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{12 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 2.516
(9ξ222(ξ233ξ23)e(3ξ2)+6(ξ226ξ2+1)e(2ξ2)12)e(2ξ2)6ξ241.013\displaystyle \frac{{\left(9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - 6 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 12\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 1.013
(12ξ22+(14ξ23+15ξ226)e(3ξ2)12(2ξ221)e(2ξ2)6ξ26)e(2ξ2)12ξ243.946\displaystyle \frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(14 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 15 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 12 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{12 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 3.946
Threefold is stable! \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 2 \, {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 2\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(14 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 15 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 3 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, \xi_{2} - 30\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{12 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left(9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{2} - 3\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(\xi_{2}^{2} - 6 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 12\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(14 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 15 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 12 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{12 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next

No. 3.21

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((2,1),(3,3),(1,3),(1,2),(3,3),(3,1))\Box= \text{conv} (\,(-2,1),(-3,3),(-1,3),(1,-2),(3,-3),(3,-1) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x12},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y12},  Φ(x,y)=min{0,x+y}\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,\frac{-x-1}{2}\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,\frac{-y-1}{2}\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \min \{0,x+y\} .

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 60 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(16) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-2,1],[-3,3],[-1,3],[1,-2],[3,-3],[3,-1]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[-1/2,-1/2,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[-1/2,0,-1/2]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,1,1]]).transpose() PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,12x12)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -\frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2}\right)
(x,y)  min(0,12y12)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -\frac{1}{2} \, y - \frac{1}{2}\right)
(x,y)  min(0,x+y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, x + y\right)

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (0110)\left(\begin{smallmatrix} 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence we have ξ=(ξ1,ξ1)\xi=(\xi_1,\xi_1). We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for Lambda Lambda = vector([1,3,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_1) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_1,0]),vector([1,-1,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_1) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_1,0]),vector([1,1,0])).simplify_full() show(vector([F1,F2])) latex(F2)
ξ1  (0,(ξ13ξ12+4(ξ12ξ1)e(3ξ1)+6(2ξ11)eξ12ξ1+6)e(ξ1)ξ14)\displaystyle \xi_{1} \ {\mapsto}\ \left(0,\,\frac{{\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - \xi_{1}^{2} + 4 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} - \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{1} - 1\right)} e^{\xi_{1}} - 2 \, \xi_{1} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{1}\right)}}{\xi_{1}^{4}}\right)
\xi_{1} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - \xi_{1}^{2} + 4 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} - \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{1} - 1\right)} e^{\xi_{1}} - 2 \, \xi_{1} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{1}\right)}}{\xi_{1}^{4}}

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between find_root(F2,-10,10) lower = -0.69631193 upper = -0.69621193 #define a real value xi_RIF between xi_1 and xi_2 # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F2(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F2(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
-0.6962119314891655 Interval containing solution: [-0.696320 .. -0.696197]

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([xi_2,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals for i in range(4): latex(H[i]) print "next"
(ξ23ξ222(2ξ224ξ2+3)eξ22ξ2+6)e(ξ2)2ξ240.6917\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.6917
(ξ23ξ222(2ξ224ξ2+3)eξ22ξ2+6)e(ξ2)2ξ240.6917\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.6917
(5ξ23+9ξ22+6(8ξ224ξ2+1)e(3ξ2)24(6ξ228ξ2+5)eξ266ξ2+114)e(ξ2)24ξ242.504\displaystyle \frac{{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 6 \, {\left(8 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 24 \, {\left(6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 8 \, \xi_{2} + 5\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 66 \, \xi_{2} + 114\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{24 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 2.504
(19ξ2333ξ226(8ξ224ξ2+1)e(3ξ2)+24(2ξ221)eξ2+18ξ2+30)e(ξ2)24ξ243.907\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(19 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - 33 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6 \, {\left(8 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 18 \, \xi_{2} + 30\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{24 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 3.907
Threefold is stable! \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 6 \, {\left(8 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 24 \, {\left(6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 8 \, \xi_{2} + 5\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 66 \, \xi_{2} + 114\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{24 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(19 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - 33 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6 \, {\left(8 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 18 \, \xi_{2} + 30\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{24 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next

No. 3.22

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((3,1),(3,0),(1,1),(1,1),(3,0),(3,1))\Box= \text{conv} (\,(-3,-1),(-3,0),(-1,1),(1,1),(3,0),(3,-1) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y},  Φ(x,y)=x12\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,-x\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,-y\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \frac{x-1}{2} .

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 60 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(16) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-3,-1],[-3,0],[-1,1],[1,1],[3,0],[3,-1]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,-1,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,0,-1]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[-1/2,1/2,0]]).transpose() PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,x)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -x\right)
(x,y)  min(0,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -y\right)
(x,y)  12x12\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2}

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (1001)\left(\begin{smallmatrix}-1 & 0\\ 0 & 1\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence, we have ξ=(0,ξ2)\xi=(0,\xi_2). We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for lambda Lambda = vector([1,5,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([1,0,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,1,0])).simplify_full() show(vector([F1,F2])) latex(F2)
ξ2  (0,(9ξ23+9ξ22+(ξ23+3ξ2224)e(2ξ2)+24(ξ2+1)eξ2)e(ξ2)2ξ24)\displaystyle \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \left(0,\,\frac{{\left(9 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 24\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}}\right)
\xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left(9 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 24\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}}

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between find_root(F2,-10,10) lower = 0.9147877 upper = 0.9147977 #define a real value xi_RIF between xi_1 and xi_2 # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F2(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F2(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
0.9147877132620504 Interval containing solution: [0.914779 .. 0.914811]

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals for i in range(4): latex(H[i]) print "next"
9ξ22+(ξ23+3ξ2224)eξ2+24ξ2+243ξ240.8323\displaystyle \frac{9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 24\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 24 \, \xi_{2} + 24}{3 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.8323
(27ξ23+(ξ2324ξ296)e(2ξ2)+24(3ξ22+5ξ2+4)eξ2)e(ξ2)12ξ242.164\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(27 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - 24 \, \xi_{2} - 96\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 5 \, \xi_{2} + 4\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{12 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 2.164
9ξ22+(ξ23+3ξ2224)eξ2+24ξ2+246ξ240.4161\displaystyle \frac{9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 24\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 24 \, \xi_{2} + 24}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.4161
(27ξ23(5ξ23+18ξ22+24ξ248)e(2ξ2)+6(3ξ224ξ28)eξ2)e(ξ2)12ξ243.419\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(27 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - {\left(5 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 18 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 24 \, \xi_{2} - 48\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} - 8\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{12 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 3.419
Threefold is stable! \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 24\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 24 \, \xi_{2} + 24}{3 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(27 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - 24 \, \xi_{2} - 96\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 5 \, \xi_{2} + 4\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{12 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 24\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 24 \, \xi_{2} + 24}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(27 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - {\left(5 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 18 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 24 \, \xi_{2} - 48\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} - 8\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{12 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next

No. 3.23

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((3,0),(2,1),(1,1),(2,0),(2,1),(0,3))\Box= \text{conv} (\, (-3,0),(-2,1),(1,1),(2,0),(2,-1), (0,-3)\, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y},  Φ(x,y)=min{y,xy12}\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,-x\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,y\},\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \min \{-y, \frac{x-y-1}{2} \}.

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 40 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(40) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-3,0],[-2,1],[1,1],[2,0],[2,-1],[0,-3]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,-1,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,0,1]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[-1/2,1/2,-1/2],[0,0,-1]]).transpose() PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,x)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -x\right)
(x,y)  min(0,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, y\right)
(x,y)  min(12x12y12,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(\frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2} \, y - \frac{1}{2}, -y\right)

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this we have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for Lambda Lambda = vector([3,13,19]) # The integral can be solved symbolically: F1(xi_1,xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[1],Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_2,0]),vector([1,0,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_1,xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[1],Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_2,0]),vector([0,1,0])).simplify_full() show(F1) show(F2) latex(F1) latex(F2)
(ξ1,ξ2)  (4ξ14e(3ξ1)(2((ξ12)e(4ξ1)(ξ1+1)eξ1+3e(3ξ1))ξ24+4ξ14e(3ξ1)+(2(ξ12ξ1)e(4ξ1)+ξ1e(3ξ1)+(2ξ12+ξ1)eξ1)ξ232(6ξ12e(3ξ1)+(ξ134ξ12)e(4ξ1)(ξ13+2ξ12)eξ1)ξ22(3ξ13e(3ξ1)+2(ξ143ξ13)e(4ξ1)+(2ξ14+3ξ13)eξ1)ξ2)e(4ξ2)+2(2ξ13ξ22e(5ξ1)+(3ξ12+(2ξ12ξ1)e(5ξ1)+ξ1)ξ23(3ξ14+3ξ13+(2ξ143ξ13)e(5ξ1))ξ22(ξ15ξ14)e(5ξ1))e(3ξ2)4(ξ13ξ22e(5ξ1)(ξ15ξ14)e(5ξ1))e(2ξ2))e(3ξ2)2(ξ17ξ2e(3ξ1)2ξ15ξ23e(3ξ1)+ξ13ξ25e(3ξ1))\displaystyle \left( \xi_{1}, \xi_{2} \right) \ {\mapsto} \ -\frac{{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{1} - 2\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{1}} + 3 \, e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} \xi_{2}^{4} + 4 \, \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} - \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{2} + \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{3} - 2 \, {\left(6 \, \xi_{1}^{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - 4 \, \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} + 2 \, \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(3 \, \xi_{1}^{3} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{4} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{3}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} + 3 \, \xi_{1}^{3}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{3} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(3 \, \xi_{1}^{2} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{2} - \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1}\right)} \xi_{2}^{3} - {\left(3 \, \xi_{1}^{4} + 3 \, \xi_{1}^{3} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{3}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} \xi_{2} - 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{5} - \xi_{1}^{4}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 4 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1}^{5} - \xi_{1}^{4}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{7} \xi_{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{1}^{5} \xi_{2}^{3} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1}^{3} \xi_{2}^{5} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)}}
(ξ1,ξ2)  (6ξ14ξ2e(3ξ1)6ξ12ξ23e(3ξ1)+2ξ14e(3ξ1)6ξ12ξ22e(3ξ1)(ξ25(2e(4ξ1)3e(3ξ1)+eξ1)2ξ14ξ2e(3ξ1)+(2(ξ11)e(4ξ1)(ξ13)e(3ξ1)(ξ1+1)eξ1)ξ24+2ξ14e(3ξ1)(2(ξ12+2ξ1)e(4ξ1)(5ξ12+2ξ1)e(3ξ1)+(ξ122ξ1)eξ1)ξ23(2(ξ13+ξ12)e(4ξ1)(ξ133ξ12)e(3ξ1)(ξ13ξ12)eξ1)ξ22)e(4ξ2)+2(ξ14e(5ξ1)3ξ12ξ22e(5ξ1)2(ξ1e(5ξ1)ξ1)ξ23)e(3ξ2)2(ξ14ξ2e(5ξ1)ξ12ξ23e(5ξ1)+ξ14e(5ξ1)3ξ12ξ22e(5ξ1))e(2ξ2))e(3ξ2)2(ξ16ξ22e(3ξ1)2ξ14ξ24e(3ξ1)+ξ12ξ26e(3ξ1))\displaystyle \left( \xi_{1}, \xi_{2} \right) \ {\mapsto} \ -\frac{{\left(6 \, \xi_{1}^{4} \xi_{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 6 \, \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{3} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 6 \, \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{2}^{5} {\left(2 \, e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 3 \, e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} \xi_{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(2 \, {\left(\xi_{1} - 1\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1} - 3\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{4} + 2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} + 2 \, \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(5 \, \xi_{1}^{2} + 2 \, \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{3} - {\left(2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} + \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - \xi_{1}\right)} \xi_{2}^{3}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{4} \xi_{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{3} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{6} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} \xi_{2}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{6} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)}}
\left( \xi_{1}, \xi_{2} \right) \ {\mapsto} \ -\frac{{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{1} - 2\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{1}} + 3 \, e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} \xi_{2}^{4} + 4 \, \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} - \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{2} + \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{3} - 2 \, {\left(6 \, \xi_{1}^{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - 4 \, \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} + 2 \, \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(3 \, \xi_{1}^{3} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{4} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{3}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} + 3 \, \xi_{1}^{3}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{3} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(3 \, \xi_{1}^{2} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{2} - \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1}\right)} \xi_{2}^{3} - {\left(3 \, \xi_{1}^{4} + 3 \, \xi_{1}^{3} + {\left(2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{3}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} \xi_{2} - 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{5} - \xi_{1}^{4}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 4 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1}^{5} - \xi_{1}^{4}\right)} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{7} \xi_{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{1}^{5} \xi_{2}^{3} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1}^{3} \xi_{2}^{5} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)}} \left( \xi_{1}, \xi_{2} \right) \ {\mapsto} \ -\frac{{\left(6 \, \xi_{1}^{4} \xi_{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 6 \, \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{3} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 6 \, \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{2}^{5} {\left(2 \, e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 3 \, e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} \xi_{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(2 \, {\left(\xi_{1} - 1\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1} - 3\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{4} + 2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} + 2 \, \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(5 \, \xi_{1}^{2} + 2 \, \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + {\left(\xi_{1}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{3} - {\left(2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} + \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - \xi_{1}^{2}\right)} e^{\xi_{1}}\right)} \xi_{2}^{2}\right)} e^{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - \xi_{1}\right)} \xi_{2}^{3}\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{4} \xi_{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{3} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1}^{4} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 3 \, \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(5 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}\right)} e^{\left(-3 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{6} \xi_{2}^{2} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} - 2 \, \xi_{1}^{4} \xi_{2}^{4} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + \xi_{1}^{2} \xi_{2}^{6} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{1}\right)}\right)}}

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

We identify a small closed rectangle containing our estimate such that nG>0 \nabla_n G > 0 for any outer normal of this rectangle, where G(ξ)=u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu G(\xi) = \int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du. This and uniqueness guarantee our candidate lies within the rectangle.

#numerically finding an estimate from scipy import optimize def FF(x): return [F1(x[0],x[1]),F2(x[0],x[1])] sol=optimize.root(FF, [0.2, 0.5]) x0=sol.x #We hope xi lies in the square with centre x0 and side length 2e, where: e = 0.00001 xi_RIF=[RIF(x0[0]-e,x0[0]+e), RIF(x0[1]-e,x0[1]+e)] #We use interval arithmetic to check positivity of $ \nabla_n G $ on the boundary of the square. We check line segments along the boundary of length 2e/N. N=2300 if all([RIF(F1(x0[0]+e,RIF(x0[1]-e+i*(2*e/N),x0[1]-e+(i+1)*(2*e/N)))) > 0 for i in range(N)]): if all([RIF(-F1(x0[0]-e,RIF(x0[1]-e+i*(2*e/N),x0[1]-e+(i+1)*(2*e/N)))) > 0 for i in range(N)]): if all([RIF(F2(RIF(x0[0]-e+i*(2*e/N),x0[0]-e+(i+1)*(2*e/N)), x0[1]+e)) > 0 for i in range(N)]): if all([RIF(-F2(RIF(x0[0]-e+i*(2*e/N),x0[0]-e+(i+1)*(2*e/N)), x0[1]-e)) > 0 for i in range(N)]): print "There is a root in" print xi_RIF[0].str(style="brackets"),"x",xi_RIF[1].str(style="brackets")
There is a root in [0.26616785810574 .. 0.26618785810616] x [0.67163062513918 .. 0.67165062513960]

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every (admissible) choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y and for the values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] print "lower bounds for DF invariants" for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_1,xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF = RIF(h(*xi_RIF)) Ih.append(DF) print(DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") print("negative upper bounds for DF invariant:")# print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: print(Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: print(Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: print(Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: print(Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals
lower bounds for DF invariants
Error in lines 3-7 Traceback (most recent call last): File "/cocalc/lib/python2.7/site-packages/smc_sagews/sage_server.py", line 1234, in execute flags=compile_flags), namespace, locals) File "", line 3, in <module> TypeError: sage.symbolic.expression.Expression object argument after * must be an iterable, not sage.rings.real_mpfi.RealIntervalFieldElement

No. 3.24

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((2,0),(2,1),(1,1),(2,0),(2,2),(0,2))\Box= \text{conv} (\, (-2,0),(-2,1),(1,1),(2,0),(2,-2),(0,-2) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y},  Φ(x,y)=min{0,xy}\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,x\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,y\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \min \{0,-x-y\} .

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 60 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(40) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-2,0],[-2,1],[1,1],[2,0],[2,-2],[0,-2]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,1,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,0,1]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,-1,-1]]).transpose() PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,x)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, x\right)
(x,y)  min(0,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, y\right)
(x,y)  min(0,xy)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -x - y\right)

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (1101)\left(\begin{smallmatrix}-1 & -1 \\ 0 & 1\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence, we have ξ=(0,ξ2)\xi=(0,\xi_2). We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for lambda Lambda = vector([1,3,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,1,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([2,1,0])).simplify_full() show(F1) show(F2) latex(F1) print "next" latex(F2)
ξ2  ((2ξ22ξ22)e(3ξ2)+5(ξ2+2)eξ28ξ28)e(2ξ2)2ξ23\displaystyle \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - \xi_{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 5 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 8 \, \xi_{2} - 8\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{3}}
ξ2  0\displaystyle \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ 0
\xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left({\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - \xi_{2} - 2\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 5 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 8 \, \xi_{2} - 8\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{3}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ 0

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between lower = 0.43474 upper = 0.43475 RIF(F2(upper)) RIF(F2(lower)) RIF(F1(upper)) RIF(F1(lower)) #define a real value xi_RIF between lower and upper # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F1(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F1(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
Error in lines 3-3 Traceback (most recent call last): File "/cocalc/lib/python2.7/site-packages/smc_sagews/sage_server.py", line 1234, in execute flags=compile_flags), namespace, locals) File "", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'F2' is not defined
#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) for i in range(4): latex(H[i]) print "next"
2((ξ21)e(2ξ2)+ξ2+1)e(2ξ2)ξ230.87931621469\displaystyle \frac{2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{2} - 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}} \geq 0.87931621469
(12ξ22(7ξ23+3ξ226ξ2+6)e(3ξ2)+12(2ξ222ξ2+1)e(2ξ2)+12ξ26)e(2ξ2)6ξ241.2944360562\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(7 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 1.2944360562
2((ξ21)e(2ξ2)+ξ2+1)e(2ξ2)ξ230.87931621469\displaystyle \frac{2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{2} - 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}} \geq 0.87931621469
(12ξ22+(7ξ23+3ξ226ξ2+6)e(3ξ2)+12ξ212e(2ξ2)+6)e(2ξ2)6ξ243.0544403102\displaystyle \frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(7 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, \xi_{2} - 12 \, e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 3.0544403102
\xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{2} - 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(7 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{2 \, {\left({\left(\xi_{2} - 1\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + \xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{3}} next \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left(12 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(7 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(3 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 12 \, \xi_{2} - 12 \, e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-2 \, \xi_{2}\right)}}{6 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} next
if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals
Threefold is stable!
%md --- #### No. 4.5* <a id="45"></a> The combinatorial data is is given by $\Box= \text{conv} (\,(-2,1),(-3,3),(-2,3),(1,-2),(3,-3),(3,-2) \, )$ and $\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,\frac{-x-1}{2}\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,\frac{-y-1}{2}\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \min \{0,x+y\} $.

No. 4.5*

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((2,1),(3,3),(2,3),(1,2),(3,3),(3,2))\Box= \text{conv} (\,(-2,1),(-3,3),(-2,3),(1,-2),(3,-3),(3,-2) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x12},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,y12},  Φ(x,y)=min{0,x+y}\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,\frac{-x-1}{2}\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,\frac{-y-1}{2}\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \min \{0,x+y\} .

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 60 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(16) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-2,1],[-3,3],[-2,3],[1,-2],[3,-3],[3,-2]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[-1/2,-1/2,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[-1/2,0,-1/2]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,1,1]]).transpose() PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,12x12)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -\frac{1}{2} \, x - \frac{1}{2}\right)
(x,y)  min(0,12y12)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -\frac{1}{2} \, y - \frac{1}{2}\right)
(x,y)  min(0,x+y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, x + y\right)

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (0110)\left(\begin{smallmatrix}0 & 1\\ 1 & 0\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence, we have ξ=(ξ1,ξ1)\xi=(\xi_1,\xi_1) We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for lambda Lambda = vector([1,3,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_1) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_1,0]),vector([1,-1,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_1) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([xi_1,xi_1,0]),vector([1,1,0])).simplify_full() show(vector([F1,F2]))
ξ1  (0,(ξ13ξ12+2(ξ132ξ1)e(2ξ1)+6(2ξ11)eξ12ξ1+6)e(ξ1)ξ14)\displaystyle \xi_{1} \ {\mapsto}\ \left(0,\,\frac{{\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - \xi_{1}^{2} + 2 \, {\left(\xi_{1}^{3} - 2 \, \xi_{1}\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{1}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{1} - 1\right)} e^{\xi_{1}} - 2 \, \xi_{1} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{1}\right)}}{\xi_{1}^{4}}\right)

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between find_root(F2,-10,10) lower = -0.31044 upper = -0.31043 #define a real value xi_RIF between xi_1 and xi_2 # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F2(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F2(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
-0.31043117071394555 Interval containing solution: [-0.310441 .. -0.310424]

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([xi_2,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals
(ξ23ξ222(2ξ224ξ2+3)eξ22ξ2+6)e(ξ2)2ξ240.5216\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.5216
(ξ23ξ222(2ξ224ξ2+3)eξ22ξ2+6)e(ξ2)2ξ240.5216\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 4 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 2 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.5216
(5ξ23+9ξ22+(37ξ23+27ξ2218ξ2+6)e(2ξ2)24(6ξ228ξ2+5)eξ266ξ2+114)e(ξ2)24ξ242.354\displaystyle \frac{{\left(5 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 9 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(37 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 27 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 18 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 24 \, {\left(6 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 8 \, \xi_{2} + 5\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} - 66 \, \xi_{2} + 114\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{24 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 2.354
(19ξ2333ξ22(37ξ23+27ξ2218ξ2+6)e(2ξ2)+24(2ξ221)eξ2+18ξ2+30)e(ξ2)24ξ243.483\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(19 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - 33 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - {\left(37 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 27 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 18 \, \xi_{2} + 6\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 24 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 18 \, \xi_{2} + 30\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{24 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 3.483
Threefold is stable!

No. 4.8

The combinatorial data is is given by =conv((2,0),(1,1),(1,1),(2,0),(2,1),(2,1))\Box= \text{conv} (\,(-2,0),(-1,1),(1,1),(2,0),(2,-1),(-2,-1) \, ) and Φ0(x,y)=min{0,x},  Φ1(x,y)=min{0,x},  Φ(x,y)=min{0,y}\Phi_0(x,y) = \min \{0,x\},\; \Phi_1(x,y)= \min \{0,-x\} ,\; \Phi_\infty(x,y) = \min \{0,-y\}.

# We are working with interval arithmetic with precision of 60 bit # this fixes the precision e.g. for evaluations of exponential functions RIF=RealIntervalField(16) # The base polytope B=Polyhedron(vertices = [[-2,0],[-1,1],[1,1],[2,0],[2,-1],[-2,-1]]) # 3 PL functions on B. If phi is the minimum of affine functions of the form F(x,y) = a + b*x + c*y we represent phi as # the transpose of the matrix with rows [a,b,c]. Phi1 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,1,0]]).transpose() Phi2 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,-1,0]]).transpose() Phi3 = matrix(QQ,[[0,0,0],[0,0,-1]]).transpose() PLfunctions = [Phi1,Phi2,Phi3] # Form list of degeneration polyhedra Polyhedra = degenerations(PLfunctions,B) print "The combinatorial data" graphic = B.plot().show(figsize=[3,3],title='Base Polytope B') x,y = var('x,y') r = vector([1,x,y]) for Phi in PLfunctions: if Phi.transpose().nrows() > 1: f(x,y) = min_symbolic(*list(r*Phi)) else: f(x,y) = list(r*Phi)[0] print ' ' show(f)
The combinatorial data
(x,y)  min(0,x)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, x\right)
(x,y)  min(0,x)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -x\right)
(x,y)  min(0,y)\displaystyle \left( x, y \right) \ {\mapsto} \ \min\left(0, -y\right)

Step (i) -- obtain a closed form for FX,ξF_{X,\xi}

For this note, that (1001)\left(\begin{smallmatrix}-1 & 0\\ 0 & 1\end{smallmatrix}\right) is a symmetry of the combinatorial data. Hence we have ξ=(0,ξ2)\xi=(0,\xi_2). We have to analytically solve the integral u,vdegΦˉ(u)eu,ξdu=Δ0u,(v,0)eu,(ξ,0)du\int_\Box \langle u,v \rangle \deg \bar \Phi (u) e^{\langle u, \xi \rangle } du = \int_{\Delta_0} \langle u', (v,0) \rangle \cdot e^{\langle u', (\xi,0) \rangle} du' for vv varying over a basis of NRN_\mathbb{R}.

#Choose a sufficiently general value for lambda Lambda = vector([1,5,13]) # Analytic solution of the integral F1(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([1,0,0])).simplify_full() F2(xi_2) = intxexp(Polyhedra[0],Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,1,0])).simplify_full() show(vector([F1,F2])) latex(F2)
ξ2  (0,(4ξ23+4ξ22+(ξ23+ξ222ξ26)e(2ξ2)+2(4ξ2+3)eξ2)e(ξ2)ξ24)\displaystyle \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \left(0,\,\frac{{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 4 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2 \, {\left(4 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{4}}\right)
\xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 4 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 2 \, {\left(4 \, \xi_{2} + 3\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{\xi_{2}^{4}}

Step (ii) -- find an estimate for the soliton candidate vector field ξ\xi.

# Choose upper and lower bound and # hope that the exact solution lies in between lower = 0.62430 upper = 0.62431 #define a real value xi_RIF between xi_1 and xi_2 # representing the exact solution. xi_RIF = RIF(lower,upper) # Check whether Intermediate value theorem guarantees a zero beween # lower and upper, i.e evaluate F2 at lower and upper using interval arithmetic. if RIF(F2(lower)) < 0 and RIF(F2(upper)) > 0: print "Interval containing solution:", xi_RIF.str(style='brackets')
Interval containing solution: [0.624298 .. 0.624314]

Step (iii) & (iv) -- obtain closed forms for DFξ(Xy,0,1)\operatorname{DF}_\xi(X_{y,0,1}) and plug in the estimate for ξ\xi

For this we first have to symbolically solve the integrals hy(ξ):=vol(Δy)DFξ(Xy,0,1)=Δyu,(0,0,1)eu,(ξ,0)  duh_y(\xi) := \text{vol}(\Delta_y) \cdot \operatorname{DF}_\xi(\mathcal{X}_{y,0,1})=\int_{\Delta_y} \langle u, (0,0,1) \, \rangle e^{\langle u, (\xi,0) \rangle } \; du for every choice of yP1y \in \mathbb P^1 and then plug in the estimate for ξ\xi into the resulting expression.

#storage for the functions h_y H=[] #storage for values h_y(xi) (as intervals) Ih=[] #Symbollically solving integrals using Barvinok method for P in Polyhedra: h(xi_2) = intxexp(P,Lambda,vector([0,xi_2,0]),vector([0,0,1])).simplify_full() DF=RIF(h(xi_RIF)) H.append(h); Ih.append(DF) show(h(xi_2) >= DF.lower()) if all([h > 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is stable!") else: if any([h <= 0 for h in Ih]): print("Threefold is not stable!") # print upper bound for destablising DF value if Ih[0] <= 0: show(H[0](xi_2) <= Ih[0].upper()) if Ih[1] <= 0: show(H[1](xi_2) <= Ih[1].upper()) if Ih[2] <= 0: show(H[2](xi_2) <= Ih[2].upper()) if Ih[3] <= 0: show(H[3](xi_2) <= Ih[3].upper()) else: print("Cannot determine stability") # Note, that "not a > 0" does not imply "a <= 0" for intervals for i in range(4): latex(H[i])
4ξ22+(ξ23+ξ222ξ26)eξ2+8ξ2+62ξ240.6636\displaystyle \frac{4 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 8 \, \xi_{2} + 6}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.6636
4ξ22+(ξ23+ξ222ξ26)eξ2+8ξ2+62ξ240.6636\displaystyle \frac{4 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 8 \, \xi_{2} + 6}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 0.6636
(4ξ23+(ξ236ξ212)e(2ξ2)+6(2ξ22+3ξ2+2)eξ2)e(ξ2)3ξ241.103\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - 6 \, \xi_{2} - 12\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 3 \, \xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{3 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 1.103
(4ξ23(2ξ23+3ξ226)e(2ξ2)6(ξ2+1)eξ2)e(ξ2)3ξ242.442\displaystyle -\frac{{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{3 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \geq 2.442
Threefold is stable! \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{4 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 8 \, \xi_{2} + 6}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ \frac{4 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} + \xi_{2}^{2} - 2 \, \xi_{2} - 6\right)} e^{\xi_{2}} + 8 \, \xi_{2} + 6}{2 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + {\left(\xi_{2}^{3} - 6 \, \xi_{2} - 12\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} + 6 \, {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{2} + 3 \, \xi_{2} + 2\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{3 \, \xi_{2}^{4}} \xi_{2} \ {\mapsto}\ -\frac{{\left(4 \, \xi_{2}^{3} - {\left(2 \, \xi_{2}^{3} + 3 \, \xi_{2}^{2} - 6\right)} e^{\left(2 \, \xi_{2}\right)} - 6 \, {\left(\xi_{2} + 1\right)} e^{\xi_{2}}\right)} e^{\left(-\xi_{2}\right)}}{3 \, \xi_{2}^{4}}