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% periods.tex

% AUTHOR:  WILLIAM STEIN and HELENA VERRILL
% SUBJECT: NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF PERIOD LATTICES ASSOCIATED TO NEWFORMS
% DATE:    APRIL 1999.

\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\include{macros}
\title{Computing Period Lattices of Newforms\\
(Preliminary)}
\author{William Stein and Helena Verrill}
\date{April, 1999}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
We give an algorithm to numerically approximate
the period lattice and real volume of any
modular newforms $f\in S_k(\Gamma,\C)$
of positive even weight.  The computation
of special values of the associated $L$-functions
is also discussed. Numerical examples are provided.
\end{abstract}

%\section{Introduction}

\section{Modular Symbols}
Let $\Gamma=\Gamma_0(N)$ or $\Gamma_1(N)$, and let
$k$ be an even positive integer.  Let
$\cM$ be the abelian group generated by symbols
$\{\alpha,\beta\}$ with $\alpha, \beta\in\P^1(\Q)$
modulo the relations
$$\{\alpha,\beta\}+\{\beta,\gamma\}+\{\gamma,\alpha\} = 0$$
and modulo any torsion.
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(100,100)
\put(0,10){\circle*{3}}
\put(0,16){$\alpha$}
\qbezier(0,10)(50,40)(100,10)
\put(50,25){\vector(1,0){1}}
\put(100,10){\circle*{3}}
\put(100,16){$\beta$}
\qbezier(100,10)(60,30)(50,100)
\put(65,47){\vector(-1,2){1}}
\put(50,100){\circle*{3}}
\put(50,106){$\gamma$}
\qbezier(0,10)(40,30)(50,100)
\put(35,47){\vector(-1,-2){1}}
\end{picture}
\end{center}

Let
$$V_{k-2}=\Sym^{k-2}(\Z X + \Z Y)$$
be the $\Z$-module of homogeneous polynomials in $X$ and $Y$
of degree $k-2$.
Define a left action of $g=\abcd{a}{b}{c}{d}\in \Gamma$ on the tensor product
$V_{k-2}\tensor \cM$ by
$$g(P(X,Y)\tensor\{\alpha,\beta\}) = P(dX-bY,-cX+aY)\tensor\{g(\alpha),g(\beta)\}.$$
The space of modular symbols of weight $k$ for $\Gamma$ is
the largest quotient of $V_{k-2}\tensor\cM$ on which $\Gamma$
acts trivially.  If we let $I = \{1-g : g\in\Gamma\}\subset\Z[\Gamma]$
then
$$\M_k(\Gamma) = \frac{V_{k-2}\tensor\cM}{I(V_{k-2}\tensor\cM)} = H_0(\Gamma,V_{k-2}\tensor\cM).$$
The cuspidal modular symbols are $\cS_k(\Gamma) = \ker(\delta)$,
where
$$\delta:\M_k(\Gamma)\ra \bigoplus_{[\alpha]\in \Gamma\backslash\P^1(\Q)} \Z[\alpha]$$
is given by
$$\delta(P(X,Y)\tensor\{\alpha,\beta\}) = ?.$$

The Eichler-Shimura theory gives an isomorphism
$$S_k(\Gamma,\C)\oplus\overline{S}_k(\Gamma,\C)\oplus\Eis(\Gamma,\C) \isom H^1(\Gamma,V_{k-2}^*\tensor\C)$$
For example, when $k=2$ the map
$$S_2(\Gamma,\C)\ra H^1(\Gamma,\C)=\Hom(\Gamma,\C)$$
send $f(z)$ to the map $\gamma\mapsto \int_{0}^{\gamma(0)} f(z)dz$.

The cup product pairing
$$H_0(\Gamma,V_{k-2}\tensor\cM)\cross H^1(\Gamma,V_{k-2}^*\tensor\C) \ra H^0(\Gamma,\C)=\C$$
gives rise to the period map we will study.

\section{Computing Periods}
Let $\Gamma=\Gamma_0(N)$ or $\Gamma_1(N)$.  In this section
we describe how to numerically approximate the period lattice
associated to a cuspidal newform
$$f=\sum a_n q^n \in S_k(\Gamma,\C), \qquad k\geq 2.$$
We do {\em not} require that the
Fourier coefficients $a_n$ of $f$ lie in $\Q$, nor that the
weight equals $2$.  In the special case $k=2$ and all $a_n\in\Q$,
see \cite{cremona}.  The algorithm given only applies when
$k$ is even, though we expect that there is a
generalization to odd $k$.

Let $\T=\Z[T_1,T_2,T_3,\ldots]$ denote the Hecke algebra, equipped
with its action on modular forms and modular symbols for $\Gamma$.
Set $$\p_f = \Ann_\T(f).$$
Let $f^{(1)},\ldots,f^{(d)}$ be the $\Gal(\Qbar/\Q)$ conjugates of $f$.
Let $\cM_k(\Gamma,\Q)$ be the space of modular symbols of weight
$k$ for $\Gamma$ (tensor $\Q$) and $\cS_k(\Gamma,\Z)\subset\cM_k(\Gamma,\Q)$
the subspace of integral cuspidal symbols.
There is a pairing
$$\langle\quad,\quad\rangle : \cM_k(\Gamma,\Q)\cross S_k(\Gamma,\C) \ra \C$$
$$\langle P(X,Y)\{\alp,\beta\}, \, f \rangle = 2\pi i \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} f(z)P(z,1) dz.$$
The period map associated to $f$ is
$$\Phi_f : \cM_k(\Gamma,\Q) \ra \C^d$$
$$\Phi_f(x) = (\langle x,f^{(1)}\rangle, \ldots, \langle x,f^{(d)}\rangle).$$
Let
$$\Lambda_f =\Phi_f(\cS_k(\Gamma,\Z))\subset\C^d.$$

The following is an algorithm to numerically
approximate $\Phi_f$ and $\Lambda_f$.

\begin{enumerate}
\item {\bf [Compute left eigenspace.]}
Compute a $\Q$-basis $\vphi_1,\ldots,\vphi_{2d}$ for
$$\Hom(\M_k(\Gamma,\Q),\Q)[\p_f].$$
\item {\bf [Dual basis.]} Let $w_1,\ldots,w_{2d}$ be the $\Q$-basis for
$\M_k(\Gamma,\Q)[\p_f]$ dual to $\vphi_1,\ldots,\vphi_{2d}$,
so $\vphi_i(w_j)=\delta_{ij}$.  It is not
necessary to compute the $w_i$ though this could
be done by inverting the matrix whose rows are the $\vphi_i$.
Observe that if $v\in\M_k(\Gamma,\Q)$ then
$$\langle v, f\rangle = \sum_{i=1}^{2d} \vphi_i(v) \langle w_i, f\rangle.$$
\item {\bf [Compute $\Z$-basis for $\Lambda_f$.]}
Compute a $\Z$-basis $z_1,\ldots,z_{2d}$
for the lattice
$$\{(\vphi_1(x),\ldots,\vphi_{2d}(x)) : x \in \cS_k(\Gamma,\Z) \} \subset \Q^{2d}.$$
\item {\bf [Find good periods.]}
Locate $v_1,\ldots v_{2d}\in \M_k(\Gamma,\Q)$ so that
\begin{itemize}
\item Each $v_i$ is of the form
$$P_g(X,Y)\{0,g(0)\}$$
with $g=\abcd{a}{b}{c}{d}\in \Gamma$, $c>0$, and
$$P_g(X,Y) = ((1-ad)X^2 - b(d-a)XY+b^2Y^2)^{\frac{k-2}{2}}.$$
Note that $P$ is an eigenvector for the action of $g$
on $V_{k-2}$ with eigenvalue $1$.

{\bf Remarks:}
\begin{enumerate}
\item This is the step which only makes sense for even weight.
We have not yet found a replacement for odd weight.
\item It is still necessary to prove the existence of enough $g$'s.
This we have not done.  In practice a few randomly choosen $g$'s
seem to do the job.
\end{enumerate}

\item The matrix $(\vphi_i(v_j))$ is invertible.
\end{itemize}
\item {\bf [Compute approximate periods.]}
The form of each $v_i$ insures that we can obtain good numerical
approximations to $\langle v_i, f\rangle.$
Write $v_i = P_g(X,Y)\{0,g(0)\}$ with $g=\abcd{a}{b}{c}{d}$
and $c>0$.
We have
$\langle v_i, f\rangle = \sum_{n\geq 1} a_n c_n$, where
$$c_n=2\pi i \int_{0}^{g(0)} e^{2\pi i n z} P_g(z,1)dz .$$
To compute $c_n$, let $y_0=1/c$, $x_1=-d/c$, $x_2=a/c$.
Then
$$c_n = 2\pi i\int_{x_1+iy_0}^{x_2+iy_0} e^{2\pi i n z} P_g(z,1) dz.$$
\begin{proof}
Let $\alp=x_1+iy_0$ and $\beta=x_2+iy_0$.
Observe that $g(\alp)=\beta$ and (key fact) $P_g(aX+bY,cX+dY)=P_g(X,Y)$,
so $$g^{-1}(P_g(X,Y)\{x,y\}) = P_g(X,Y)\{g^{-1}(x),g^{-1}(y)\}$$
for any $x$ and $y$.
We thus have
\begin{eqnarray*}
0 &=& P_g(X,Y)(\{0,g(0)\} + \{g(0),g(\alp)\} + \{g(\alp),0\})\\
&=& P_g(X,Y)\{0,g(0)\} + P_g(X,Y)\{0,\alp\} + P_g(X,Y)\{g(\alp),0\}\\
&=& P_g(X,Y)(\{0,g(0)\} - \{\alp,g(\alp)\})
\end{eqnarray*}
so $P_g(X,Y)\{0,g(0)\} = P_g(X,Y)\{\alp,g(\alp)\}$.

\end{proof}

The following formula is useful in
evaluating $c_n$.
$$\int_{z_0}^{\infty} e^{2\pi i n z} z^m dz = e^{2\pi i n z_0} \sum_{s=0}^m \left\{ \frac{(-1)^s z_0^{m-s}} {(2\pi i n)^{s+1}} \cdot \prod_{j=(m+1)-s}^m j\right\}.$$
Since $y_0>0$, the $c_n\ra 0$ quickly.
\begin{proof}
Repeated integration by parts.
\end{proof}

\item {\bf [Solve for periods of dual basis.]}
We have a matrix equation
$$\left(\begin{matrix}\vphi_1(v_1)&\cdots &\vphi_{2d}(v_{1})\\ \cdots &\cdots&\cdots\\ \vphi_{1}(v_{2d})&\cdots &\vphi_{2d}(v_{2d}) \end{matrix} \right) \cdot \left( \begin{matrix} \langle w_1, f\rangle \\ \ldots\\ \langle w_{2d}, f\rangle \end{matrix} \right) = \left( \begin{matrix} \langle v_1, f\rangle \\ \ldots\\ \langle v_{2d}, f\rangle \end{matrix} \right).$$
Inverting we obtain numerical approximations
$\alpha_i \sim \langle w_i, f\rangle$.
Compute the approximations $\langle v_i, f^{(j)}\rangle$ for
each of the Galois conjugates $f^{(j)}$ of $f$ in order
to obtain approximations
$$\alpha_i^{(j)}\sim \langle w_i, f^{(j)}\rangle\in\C,$$
for $1\leq i \leq 2d$ and $1\leq j\leq d$.
\item {\bf [Compute period map.]}
The period map
is approximated as
$$\Phi_f(v) \sim \left( \begin{matrix}\alp_1^{(1)}&\cdots &\alp_{2d}^{(1)}\\\cdots &\cdots&\cdots\\ \alp_1^{(d)}&\cdots &\alp_{2d}^{(d)}\\\end{matrix}\right) \cdot \left(\begin{matrix}\vphi_1(v)\\ |\\ \vphi_{2d}(v) \end{matrix} \right)$$
\item {\bf [Compute period lattice.]}
The (approximate) period lattice $\Lambda_f$ has as
basis the columns of the following product:
$$\left( \begin{matrix}\alp_1^{(1)}&\cdots &\alp_{2d}^{(1)}\\\cdots &\cdots&\cdots\\ \alp_1^{(d)}&\cdots &\alp_{2d}^{(d)}\\\end{matrix}\right) \cdot \left( \begin{matrix}|&\cdots &|\\z_1&\cdots &z_{2d}\\|&\cdots &|\end{matrix}\right)$$
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Special Values}
Let
$$L(f,s) = \int_{0}^{\infty} f(z)z^{s-1}dz = \sum a_n n^{-s}$$
be the Mellin transform of $f$.
We can approximate the special
value $L(A_f,1)=\prod_i L(f^{(i)}, 1)$ by observering that
$$\Phi_f(Y^{k-2}\{0,\infty\}) = (L(f^{(1)},1),\ldots,L(f^{(d)},1)).$$

\subsection{The Real Period}
The complex torus $A_f = \C^d/\Lambda_f$ is of interest.
When $k=2$ it has the structure of abelian variety with a
good integral model, it is naturally a quotient of $\Jac(X_\Gamma)$.

The following construction is perfectly general and makes
sense for any integer weight $k\geq 2$.   When we refer
to the BSD conjecture below, we are referring to the particular
case $k=2$.

Assume for the rest of this section
that the Fourier coefficients of $f$ are totally real.
Then the lattice $\Lambda_f$ is invariant under complex conjugation.
Thus we may consider the real points
$A_f(\R)=(\C^d/\Lambda_f)^+$ of the complex torus $A_f$.
Let
$$\tilde{\Omega}_f := \Vol(A_f(\R))$$
denote the volume of the identity component of
$A_f(\R)$ with respect to the measure on $A_f$ induced
by the standard Lebesgue measure on $\C^d$.  Then
$$\tilde{\Omega}_f = \Vol (\R^d/\Lambda_f^+ )\cdot c_\infty$$
where $$c_\infty=\#(A_f(\R)/A_f(\R)^0)$$
is the number of connected components of $A_f(\R)$.

Define
$$\Omega_f = \frac{\tilde{\Omega}_f}{\Delta_f}$$
where $\Delta_f$ is the volume of the image of
the Hecke algebra in $\C^d$ by the map
$$T_p \ra (a_p^{(1)},\ldots,a_p^{(d)}).$$
{\bf Remarks:}
1) Note that $\Delta_f^2\in\Z$ though $\Delta_f$ need
not be rational. [I think...]  \\
2) $\Delta_f$ is the determinant of a change of basis matrix relating
the basis $f^{(1)},\ldots,f^{(d)}$ to an integral basis.  This
statement probably uses the duality between Hecke operators
and integral cusp forms.\\
3) Note that this $\Omega_f$ differs from the quantity
appearing in the BSD conjecture (which arises from
a Neron differential) by the Manin constant''
(conjecturally 1).

Here is how to compute $\tilde{\Omega}_f$.

\begin{enumerate}
\item {\bf [Compute conjugation on $Z = \Z z_1 + \cdots + \Z z_{2d}$]}
The action of complex conjugation on $\Lambda_f$ can be
computed as follows.
Note that conjugation commutes with the period map $\Phi_f$.
If $z_i$ lifts to $x\in \cS_k(\Gamma,\Z)$, then
$$z_i^{*} = (\vphi_1(x^*),\ldots,\vphi_{2d}(x^*)).$$
Compute the matrix $C$ representing conjugation with
respect to the basis $z_1,\ldots,z_{2d}$.

Here is how to compute $C$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Let $P$ be the matrix whose rows are the $\vphi_i$.
Using Gauss elmination choose $2d$ linearly independent
columns $i_1,\ldots,i_{2d}$ of $P$.  Let $B$ the matrix
consisting of these $2d$ columns.
\item Let $A$ be the matrix of complex conjugation on
$M_k(\Gamma)$ and let $A'$ be the matrix obtained by
deleting all but columns $i_1,\ldots,i_{2d}$ of $A$.
The product $PA'$ is a matrix whose columns are the
images of the columns $i_1,\ldots,i_{2d}$ under
complex conjugation.
\item The matrix of complex conjugation (on the column
space of $P$) with respect to the standard basis is
$$C'=PA'B^{-1}.$$
\item  Let $Z$ be the matrix whose columns are
$z_1,\ldots, z_{2d}$.  Then the matrix of $C$
with respect to the basis $z_i$ is:
$$C = Z^{-1}C'Z.$$
\end{enumerate}

Compute a $\Z$-basis $b_1,\ldots, b_d$ for $Z^+=\Ker(C-I)$.

\item {\bf [Compute $\Vol(A_f(\R)^0)=\Vol(\R^d/\Lambda_f^+)$]}
$$\Vol(\R^d/\Lambda_f^+) \sim \det \left\{\left( \begin{matrix}\alp_1^{(1)}&\cdots &\alp_{2d}^{(1)}\\\cdots &\cdots&\cdots\\ \alp_1^{(d)}&\cdots &\alp_{2d}^{(d)}\\\end{matrix}\right) \cdot \left( \begin{matrix}|&\cdots &|\\b_1&\cdots &b_d\\|&\cdots &|\end{matrix}\right) \right\}$$
Order the $b_i$ so that $\det>0$.

\item {\bf [Compute $c_{\infty}$]}
Let $\overline{C}$ be the the map induced by complex
conjugation on $\Lambda_f/2\Lambda_f = \Lambda_f\tensor\F_2$.
Then
$$c_\infty = 2^{\dim(\ker(\overline{C} - 1)) - d}.$$
\begin{proof}
We must compute the order of the component group
$$\Psi=\frac{A_f(\R)}{A_f(\R)^0} = \frac{(\C^d/\Lambda_f)^+}{\R^d/\Lambda_f^+}.$$
For $v\in\C^d$ denote by $\overline{v}$ its complex conjugate and
by $[v]$ its image in $\C^d/\Lambda_f$.
If $[v]\in(\C^d/\Lambda_f)^+$ then $[v]=[\overline{v}]$ so
since $v+\overline{v}\in\R^d$ we have
$$2[v] = [v]+[\overline{v}]\in\R^d/\Lambda_f^+,$$
so $\Psi$ is annihilated by $2$.
Thus there is $\lambda\in\Lambda_f$ so that
$2v+\lambda\in\R^d$, and so
$v+\frac{1}{2}\lambda\in\R^d$, i.e., $v$ can be written
as something in $\frac{1}{2}\Lambda_f$ plus something in $\R^d$.
This means that $\Psi$ is generated by the image of
$(\frac{1}{2}\Lambda_f/\Lambda_f)^+$.
Thus
$$\Psi \isom \frac{(\frac{1}{2}\Lambda_f/\Lambda_f)^+} {(\frac{1}{2}\Lambda_f\intersect\R^d)/\Lambda_f^+} \isom \frac{(\Lambda_f/2\Lambda_f)^+} {\Lambda_f^+/2\Lambda_f^+}$$

Consequently
$$\dim_{\F_2} \Psi = \dim (\Lambda_f/2\Lambda_f)^+ - \dim \Lambda_f^+ / 2\Lambda_f^+ = \dim(\ker(\overline{C} - 1)) - d.$$
\end{proof}
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{The Ratio $L(A_f,1)/\Omega_f$}
\begin{theorem}
Let $F(x) = (\vphi_1(x),\ldots,\vphi_{2d}(x)).$
Let $C$ be the map on the image of $F$ induced by the $*$ involution on
$\cS_k(\Gamma,\Z)$ and $\overline{C}$ its mod $2$ reduction.
Then
$$\left|\frac{L(A_f,1)}{\Omega_f}\right| = [F(\cS_k(\Gamma,\Z))^+:F(\T e)] \cdot 2^{\dim(\ker(\overline{C} - 1)) - d}$$
where $[A:B]$ is the absolute value of the determinant of a change
of basis matrix sending $A$ to $B$.
In particular the ratio is a rational number.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Let $\O$ be the image of
the Hecke algebra in $\C^d$ by the map
$$T_p \ra (a_p^{(1)},\ldots,a_p^{(d)}).$$
Thus $\Delta_f = \Vol(\O)=[\Z:\O]$.
We have
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{L(A_f,1)}{\Omega_f}
&=& \frac{\langle e,f^{(1)}\rangle\cdots \langle e,f^{(d)}\rangle}
{\Vol(\Phi_f(H_1(X_0(N),\Z))^+) / \Delta_f}\\
&=&\frac{[\Z^d : \Phi_f(e)\Z^d]}
{[\Z^d : \Phi_f(H_1)^+][\O:\Z^d]} \\
&=&\frac{[\O : \Phi_f(e)\O]}
{[\Z^d : \Phi_f(H_1)^+][\O:\Z^d]} \\
&=&\frac{[\Z^d : \Phi_f(e)\O]}
{[\Z^d : \Phi_f(H_1)^+]} \\
&=&\frac{[\Z^d : \Phi_f(\T e)]}
{[\Z^d : \Phi_f(H_1)^+]} \\
&=&[\Phi_f(H_1)^+ : \Phi_f(\T e)]\\
&=&[F(H_1)^+ : F(\T e)].
\end{eqnarray*}

\end{proof}

{\bf Weight 2 remark:} It is known (Mazur) that the Manin constant, which relates
our $\Omega$ to the one for the Neron model, is a unit
in $\Z[\frac{1}{2m}]$ where $m$ is the largest square
dividing the level $N$.
\begin{corollary}
The quotient of $L(A_f,1)$ by the real volume,
which appears in the BSD conjecture, a priori
a real number is in fact a rational number.
\end{corollary}

\section{Examples}
Let $f\in S_2(\Gamma_0(65),\C)$ be the unique newform
for which $a_2$ satisfies $a_2^2+2a_2-1=0$.  Letting $\alp=a_2$ we have
$$f = q + \alpha q^2 + (\alpha+1)q^3 +(-2\alp-1)q^4 + q^5 + (-\alp+1)q^6 +(-2\alp)q^7 + (\alp-2)q^8+\cdots$$
As we will see, the associated quotient $A=A_f$ of $J_0(65)$
has analytic rank $0$.

We first compute $\cS_2(\Gamma,\Z)\subset \cM_2(\Gamma,\Q)$.
With respect to our chosen basis, the matrix of $T_2$ on
$\cM_2(\Gamma,\Q)$ is
$$T_2 = \left(\begin{array}{ccccccccccccc} {3}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}\\ {0}&{1}&{2}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{0}&{0}&{0}\\ {1}&{0}&{-1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{0}&{0}&{1}\cr {-1}&{0}&{0}&{-2}&{-1}&{-1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{-1}&{-1}\cr {0}&{-1}&{-1}&{0}&{1}&{1}&{-1}&{-2}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{1}&{0}\cr {0}&{2}&{1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{1}\cr {-1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{-1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{0}&{0}\cr {0}&{-1}&{-1}&{-1}&{-2}&{0}&{0}&{-2}&{-2}&{-1}&{0}&{0}&{0}\cr {0}&{1}&{1}&{0}&{2}&{-1}&{1}&{2}&{3}&{0}&{-1}&{-1}&{0}\cr {0}&{1}&{2}&{1}&{0}&{1}&{0}&{-1}&{-1}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{0}\cr {-1}&{-1}&{-1}&{-1}&{-1}&{0}&{0}&{-1}&{-1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{-1}\cr {0}&{-1}&{-1}&{-1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{-1}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{-1}&{1}\cr {1}&{1}&{1}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{2}&{1}\cr \end{array}\right).$$
The left eigenspace corresponding to $f$ is the left kernel
of $T_2^2+2 T_2-1$ which is
$$P=\left( \begin{array}{ccccccccccccc} {0}&{0}&{1}&{1}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{0}\\ {0}&{-1}&{0}&{-1}&{-1}&{-1}&{1}&{0}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{0}&{1}\\ {1}&{1}&{0}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{1}&{2}&{1}&{0}&{1}&{0}&{0}\\ {-1}&{-1}&{-1}&{2}&{1}&{-1}&{-2}&{1}&{0}&{1}&{-2}&{-1}&{1}\\ \end{array} \right)$$
The rows of $P$ are $\vphi_1,\ldots,\vphi_4$.

\comment{
The lattice
$$\{(\vphi_1(x),\ldots,\vphi_{4}(x)) : x \in \cS_k(\Gamma,\Z) \} \subset \Q^{4}$$
is simply the lattice spanned by the columns of $P$, which
is the full $\Z^4$ (observe that columns 1,2,3,5 have determinant
$2$ so span a sublattice of index $2$ in $\Z^4$, and column
7 does not lie in it).
}

We try several $g\in\Gamma_0(65)$:
\begin{eqnarray*}
v_1&=&\{0,\abcd{22}{1}{65}{3}(0)\} =  [0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,-1]^t\\
v_2&=&\{0,\abcd{-32}{-1}{65}{2}(0)\}=   [0,0,-1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,-1]^t\\
v_3&=&\{0,\abcd{-16}{-1}{65}{4}(0)\}=  [0,0,0,0,1,-1,1,0,-1,0,1,0,-1]^t\\
v_4&=&\{0,\abcd{11}{1}{65}{6}(0)\}=[0,1,0,0,-1,1,0,-1,1,0,-1,-1,0]^t\\
\end{eqnarray*}
Then
$$\vphi_i(v_j) = \left(\begin{matrix} {1}&{-1}&{2}&{-1}\cr {0}&{0}&{3}&{-2}\cr {0}&{0}&{1}&{-3}\cr {-1}&{-1}&{-1}&{-1}\cr \end{matrix}\right)$$
which has rank $4$.

The period integrals, to 15 decimals are as follows.
\begin{eqnarray*}
\langle v_1, f\rangle&=& -1.37443706596536 + 0.768794716989823i\\
\langle v_2, f\rangle&=& -2.74887413193073 \\
\langle v_3, f\rangle&=& -1.94374753931650 \\
\langle v_4, f\rangle&=& -0.569310473351139 + 1.85603463243761i\\
\langle v_1, f^{(2)}\rangle&=& -1.15118942200858 + 3.35725985432803i\\
\langle v_2, f^{(2)}\rangle&=& -2.30237884401716\\
\langle v_3, f^{(2)}\rangle&=& 1.62802769346498\\
\langle v_4, f^{(2)}\rangle&=& 2.77921711547356 - 1.39062256407339i
\end{eqnarray*}
Inverting the matrix $\vphi_i(v_j)$ we obtain
$$(\alpha_i^{(j)})^t = \left(\begin{matrix} {{0.531535414512712} - {0.543619957723896}i}&{{0.212623571040667} + {2.37394120920071}i}\cr {{0.220169177572770} - {1.31241467471371}i}&{{-0.513318708886579} - {0.983318645127320}i}\cr {{-0.622732473879884}}&{{-1.45188455985449}}\cr {{0.440338355145540}}&{{-1.02663741777315}}\cr \end{matrix}\right)$$

\begin{verbatim}
P=[0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0;
0,-1,0,-1,-1,-1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1;
1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,0,0;
-1,-1,-1,2,1,-1,-2,1,0,1,-2,-1,1];

A=[1, -1, 2, -1; 0, 0, 3, -2; 0, 0, 1, -3; -1, -1, -1, -1]

{H1Z=
[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;
-1,0,-1,-1,0,0,-1,-1,-1,-1;
1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;
0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;
0,0,0,0,0,-1,0,0,0,0;
0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;
0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0;
0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0;
0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0;
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0;
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0;
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0;
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1];}

\\ integral basis for image of S_2 in columns space of P
{Z=[1, 0, 0, 0;
1, 2, 0, 0;
-1,-2, 2,-1;
0,-2, 1, 3];}

\\ conjugation on M_2
CC = [1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1,0,0,1,1,1;
0,0,0,-1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;
0,0,-1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0;
0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,-1,-1;
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1;
0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1;
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,-1,0;
0,0,-1,0,1,0,0,-1,0,-1,0,1,1;
0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0;
0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,-1,-1;
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,-1,0;
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1];

\\ The matrix of C with respect to the basis Z=[z_1,...,z_4]
C=[-1, 0, 0, 0;
0, -1, 0, 0;
-1, -2, 1, 0;
1, 0, 0, 1];

The +1 eigenspace is:
span z_3, z_4.

Using the below alp matrix we obtain the real period:

alp*[z_3;z_4] = alp*[0, 0; 0, 0; 2,-1; 1, 3]
=[-0.8051265926142280223898673966  1.943747539316507071177084460]
[-3.930406537482142877473965080  -1.628027693464980131583752011]

which has determinant
8.950486425265488291492806649

We also have
matrank(C*Mod(1,2)-1) = 1
so
c_infinity = 2.

Thus   \tilde{Omega} = 17.90097285053097658298561329.

Delta = |1    1   |  = 2*sqrt(2)
|a2  a2bar|
So,
Omega = 6.328949646223367581007308099

The image of {0,oo} is simply [0,0,1,-1]~, so
alp*[0,0,1,-1]~
=[-1.063070829025425322615855453,
-0.4252471420813350514566677322];

Taking the product of the two entries gives

L(A_f,1)=L(f,1)*L(fbar,1)
= 0.4520678318730976843576858890

of Z that the image of (0)-(oo) in A_f is rational 7 torsion.

The characteristic polynomial of T_3  on A_f is:
x^2-2
so 14 is an upper bound on the torsion.

Thus
L(A_f,1)                                           1
----------   =  0.07142857142857142857143189343  ~ ----
Omega                                              14

Using the method of graphs and my component
group formula David Kohel and I computed the tamagawa numbers and
got
c5 = 7       c13 = 1

The BSD conjecture asserts that (assume it hence):

1         [Sha] * c5 *c13                   [Sha] * 7
--------   = -------------------------   =  -------------------------
14         [Torsion]*[Torsiondual]        [torsion]*[torsion dual]

Thus
[Sha] = [torsion]*[torsion dual] / 2*7^2.

Thus assuming BSD, the torsion on one of A_f or A_fdual must
be 14.

It could easily be the case that [torsion]=14, [torsion dual]=7
and [Sha]=1.

\end{verbatim}

\section{Tables}

\section{Source Code}
The following pari code can be used to compute the period
integrals $\langle P_g\{0,g(0)\}, f\rangle$.
\begin{verbatim}
\\ file: period.gp
\\ DESCRIPTION:
\\   Compute period integrals by integrating along a cleverly
\\   chosen arc in the upper half plane.
\\
\\ AUTHOR: William Stein and Helena Verrill

ncols(v)=matsize(v)[2];

\\ Compute the line integral
\\       / x2+iy0
\\      |
\\ 2PiI*|      f(z) * z^m
\\      |
\\      / x1+iy0
\\ where
\\  a=[a1,a2,a3,a4,...] defines the series
\\  f(z) = a1*z + a2*z^2 + a3*z^3 + ...

{lineintegral(y0,x1,x2,m,a,
prec,n,c,ans)=
c=vector(prec,n, lineval(x2+I*y0,m,n) - lineval(x1+I*y0,m,n));
ans=sum(n=1, prec, a[n] * c[n]);
print("Int(2*Pi*I*f(z)*", z^m,",",x1+I*y0,",",x2+I*y0,") = ",ans);
return(ans);
}

{lineval(z,m,n,
s,c,i)=
c=2*Pi*I*n;
2*Pi*I
* exp(c*z)
* sum(s=0,m,(-1)^s*  (z^(m-s)) / (c^(s+1)) * prod(i=m-s+1,m,i));
}

\\ Let g be in SL_2(Z) and k be an even positive integer.
\\ This function computes an eigenvector element of
\\   Sym^(k-2)(Z) = homogeneous poly's of degree k-2 in X and Y
\\ Which has eigenvalue +1 for g.
\\ Note: the output is a vector of coefficients.
{syminvariant(g,k)=
((1-g[1,1]*g[2,2])       *X^2
- g[1,2]*(g[2,2]-g[1,1])*X
+ g[1,2]^2
)^((k-2)/2)
}

\\ Let f be a weight k newform for Gamma_0(N) and fix
\\ g=[a,b;c,d] in Gamma_0(N) such that c>0.
\\ Let P(X,Y) be the eigenvector computed by syminvariant(g,k).
\\ This function computes the period
\\       < P(X,Y)*{0,g(0)}, f(z) >
{gf_period(g,a,k,prec=0,
P,x1,x2,y0,i,j,m,v,ans)=
if(prec==0,prec=ncols(a));
if(prec>ncols(a),
print("gf_period: WARNING desired precision exceeds that of f.")
);

P=syminvariant(g,k);
print("gf_period: precision = ",prec);
print("< (",P,")*{0,",if(g[2,2]==0,"oo",g[1,2]/g[2,2]),
"}, ",sum(j=1,13,a[j]*q^j)+O(q^14)," >");

y0=1/g[2,1];
x1=-g[2,2]*y0;
x2=g[1,1]*y0;

v=vector(k-2+1,i,0);
ans=sum(m=0,k-2,
if(polcoeff(P,m)!=0,
v[m+1]=polcoeff(P,m)*lineintegral(y0,x1,x2,m,a,prec),
0
);
);
ans;
}

\\ quick computation of eta
{myeta(q,prec,
n)=
sum(n=-prec,prec,
(-1)^n * q^((3*n-1)*n/2))
+O(q^((3*prec-1)*prec/2)) ;
}

\\ our favorite.
{f1(prec,    \\ eta(q^3)^8,  weight 4, level 9.
f) =
f = myeta(q,prec);
Vec(subst(f,q,q^3)^8)
}

{f2(prec,    \\ eta(q^6)^4,  weight 2, level 36.
f) =
f = myeta(q,prec);
Vec(subst(f,q,q^2)^4*subst(f,q,q^4)^4)
}

\\ list some elements of Gamma_0(N)
{mlift(c,d,N,
v)=
v=bezout(c,d);
return([v[2],-v[1];c,d]);
}
\end{verbatim}

\begin{thebibliography}{HHHHHHH}
\bibitem[CR]{cremona} J.E. Cremona,
{\em Algorithms for modular elliptic curves, 2nd edition},
Cambridge University Press, (1997).
\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

The matrix alpha_i^j which computes period map, when right compl with phi.

alp=[0.5315354145127126613078931891330698990 - 0.5436199577238963826250859980838456612*I, 0.2201691775727704371403309739132151733 - 1.312414674713719213072658569868641118*I, -0.6227324738798844483352409500442398090 + 3.665476401263631858808075880749397435 E-23*I, 0.4403383551455408742806145034199040494 + 3.510503045937607708297890680758835419 E-23*I; 0.2126235710406675257282129991395067099 + 2.373941209200713376138704039517591586*I, -0.5133187088865787957602987003974718253 - 0.9833186451273203717704335635086521968*I, -1.451884559854492642976877604131230096 - 2.130221455047120662019817425995001094 E-23*I, -1.026637417773157591520209871918494907 - 8.778132686392049792197488630777259782 E-24*I]