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%% Homework assignment 2
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\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\include{defs}
\author{William A. Stein}
\title{Homework 2, MAT256B\\Chapter III, 4.8, 4.9, 5.6}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\section{Homework}

\begin{exercise}
{\bfseries (4.8)} \quad {\em Cohomological Dimension}. Let $X$ be a neotherian separated scheme.
We define the {\em cohomological dimension} of $X$, denoted $\cd(X)$, to
be the least integer $n$ such that $H^{i}(X,\F)=0$ for all quasi-coherent
sheaves $\F$ and all $i>n$. Thus for example, Serre's theorem (3.7) says
that $\cd(X)=0$ if and only if $X$ is affine. Grothendieck's theorem (2.7)
implies that $\cd(X)\leq\dim X$.

(a) In the definition of $\cd(X)$, show that it is sufficient to
consider only coherent sheaves on $X$.

(b) If $X$ is quasi-projective over a field $k$, then it is
even sufficient to consider only locally free coherent sheaves
on $X$.

(c) Suppose $X$ has a covering by $r+1$ open affine subsets. Use
\cech{} cohomology to show that $\cd(X)\leq r$.

(d) If $X$ is a quasi-projective variety of dimension $r$ over a field
$k$, then $X$ can be covered by $r+1$ open affine subsets. Conclude
that $\cd(X)\leq \dim X$.

(e) Let $Y$ be a set-theoretic complete intersection of
codimension $r$ in $X=\P_k^n$. Show that $\cd(X-Y)\leq r-1$.
\end{exercise}

\begin{proof}
(a) It suffices to show that if, for some $i$,
$H^i(X,\F)=0$ for all coherent sheaves $\F$,
then $H^i(X,\F)=0$ for all quasi-coherent sheaves $\F$.
Thus suppose the $i$th cohomology of all coherent
sheaves on $X$ vanishes and let $\F$ be quasi-coherent.
Let $(\F_{\alpha})$ be the collection of coherent subsheaves
of $\F$, ordered by inclusion. Then by (II, Ex. 5.15e)
$\varinjlim\F_{\alpha}=\F$, so by (2.9)
$$H^i(X,\F)=H^i(X,\varinjlim \F_{\alpha})=\varinjlim H^i(X,\F_{\alpha})=0.$$

(b) Suppose $n$ is an integer and $H^i(X,\F)=0$ for all coherent
locally free sheaves $\F$ and integers $i>n$. We must show
$H^i(X,\F)=0$ for all coherent $\F$ and all $i>n$, then applying
(a) gives the desired result. Since $X$ is quasiprojective
there is an open immersion
$$i:X\hookrightarrow Y\subset \P_k^n$$
with $Y$ a closed subscheme of $\P_k^n$ and $i(X)$ open in $Y$.
By (II, Ex. 5.5c) the sheaf $\F$ on $X$ pushes forward to a coherent
sheaf on $\F'=i_{*}\F$ on $Y$.
By (II, 5.18) we may write $\F'$ as a quotient of a locally
free coherent sheaf $\E'$ on $Y$. Letting $\R'$ be the kernel
gives an exact sequence
$$0\into\R'\into\E'\into\F'\into 0$$
with $R'$ coherent (it's the quotient of coherent sheaves).
Pulling back via $i$ to $X$ gives an exact sequence
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% This is probably possible because $i$ is an
%% open immersion, but there are definately some
%% details to check!!
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$$0\into\R\into\E\into\F\into 0$$
of coherent sheaves on $X$ with $E$ locally free.
The long exact sequence of cohomology shows
that for $i>n$, there is an exact sequence
$$0=H^i(X,\E)\into H^i(X,\F) \into H^{i+1}(X,\R) \into H^{i+1}(X,\E)=0.$$
$H^i(X,\E)=H^{i+1}(X,\E)=0$ because we have assumed that, for $i>n$,
cohomology vanishes on locally free coherent sheaves.
Thus $H^i(X,\F)\isom H^{i+1}(X,\R)$. But if $k=\dim X$, then
Grothendieck vanishing (2.7) implies that
$H^{k+1}(X,\R)=0$ whence $H^{k}(X,\F)=0$.
But then applying the above argument with $\F$ replaced
by $\R$ shows that $H^{k}(X,\R)=0$ which implies $H^{k-1}(X,\F)=0$
(so long as $k-1>n$). Again, apply the entire argument
with $\F$ replaced by $\R$ to see that $H^{k-1}(X,\R)=0$.
We can continue this descent and hence show that
$H^{i}(X,\F)=0$ for all $i>n$.

(c) By (4.5) we can compute cohomology by using the \cech{}
complex resulting from the cover $\sU$ of $X$ by $r+1$ open
affines. By definition $\sC^p=0$ for all $p>r$ since
there are no intersections of $p+1\geq r+2$ distinct open sets
in our collection of $r+1$ open sets. The \cech{} complex is
$$\sC^0\into\sC^1\into\cdots\into\sC^r\into\sC^{r+1}=0\into 0\into 0\into \cdots.$$
Thus if $\sF$ is quasicoherent then $\cH^p(\sU,\sF)=0$
for any $p>r$ which implies that $\cd(X)\leq r$.

(d) I will first present my solution in the special
case that $X$ is projective. The more general case when $X$ is
quasi-projective is similiar, but more complicated, and will
be presented next.
Suppose $X\subset\P^n$ is a projective variety of dimension $r$.
We must cover $X$ with $r+1$ open affines. Let $U$ be nonempty
open affine subset of $X$. Since $X$ is irreducible, the irreducible
components of $X-U$ all have codimension at least one in $X$.
Now pick a hyperplane $H$ which doesn't
completely contain any irreducible component of $X-U$. We can do
this by choosing one point $P_i$ in each of the finitely
many irreducible components of $X-U$ and choosing a hyperplane
which avoids all the $P_i$. This can be done because the field
is infinite (varieties are only defined over algebraically
closed fields) so we can always choose a vector not orthogonal
to any of a finite set of vectors.
Since $X$ is closed in $\P^n$ and $\P^n-H$ is affine,
$(\P^n-H)\intersect X$ is an open affine subset of $X$.
Because of our choice of $H$, $U\union((\P^n-H)\intersect X)$ is only
missing codimension two closed subsets of $X$. Let $H_1=H$
and choose another hyperplane $H_2$ so it doesn't completely
contain any of the (codimension two) irreducible components
of $X-U-(\P^n-H_1)$. Then $(\P^n-H_2)\intersect X$ is open
affine and $U\union((\P^n-H_1)\intersect X)\union((\P^n-H2)\intersect X)$
is only missing codimension three closed subsets of $X$.
Repeating this process a few more times yields
hyperplanes $H_1,\cdots,H_r$ so that
$$U, (\P^n-H_1)\intersect X, \ldots, (\P^n-H_r)\intersect X$$
form an open affine cover of $X$, as desired.

Now for the quasi-projective case. Suppose $X\subset\P^n$ is
quasi-projective. From (I, Ex. 3.5) we know that $\P^n$ minus
a hypersurface $H$ is affine. Note that the same proof
works even if $H$ is a union of hypersurfaces. We now
proceed with the same sort of construction as in the projective
case, but we must choose $H$ more cleverly to insure
that $(\P^n-H)\intersect{}X$ is affine. Let $U$ be a nonempty
affine open subset of $X$. As before pick a hyperplane which
doesn't completey contain any irreducible component of $X-U$.
Since $X$ is only quasi-projective we can't conclude that
$(\P^n-H)\intersect{}X$ is affine. But we do know that
$(\P^n-H)\intersect{}\overline{X}$ is affine. Our strategy is
to add some hypersurfaces to $H$ to get a union of hypersurfaces $S$ so that
$$(\P^n-S)\intersect{}\overline{X}=(\P^n-S)\intersect{}X.$$
But, we must be careful to add these hypersurfaces in such a
way that $((\P^n-S)\intersect{}X)\union U$ is missing only codimension
two or greater subsets of $X$. We do this as follows. For each
irreducible component $Y$ of $\overline{X}-X$ choose a hypersurface
$H'$ which completely contains $Y$ but which does not completely
contain any irreducible component of $X-U$. That this can be done
is the content of a lemma which will be proved later (just pick a point
in each irreducible component and avoid it). Let $S$
by the union of all of the $H'$ along with $H$. Then
$\P^n-S$ is affine and so
$$(\P^n-S)\intersect{}X=(\P^n-S)\intersect{}\overline{X}$$
is affine. Furthermore, $S$ properly intersects all
irreducible components of $X-U$, so
$((\P^n-S)\intersect{}X)\union U$ is missing only codimension
two or greater subsets of $X$. Repeating this process
as above several times yields the desired result because
after each repetition the codimension of the resulting
pieces is reduced by 1.
\begin{lem}
If $Y$ is a projective variety and $p_1,\ldots,p_n$ is a finite
collection of points not on $Y$,
then there exists a (possibly reducible) hypersurface $H$ containing
$Y$ but not containing any of the $p_i$.
\end{lem}
By a possibly reducible hypersurface I mean a union of irreducible
hypersurfaces, not a hypersurface union higher codimension varieties.
\begin{proof}
This is obviously true and I have a proof, but I think there
is probably a more algebraic proof. Note that $k$ is infinite
since we only talk about varieties over algebraically closed fields.
Let $f_1,\cdots,f_m$ be defining equations for $Y$. Thus
$Y$ is the common zero locus of the $f_i$ and not all $f_i$ vanish
on any $p_i$. I claim that we can find a linear combination
$\sum a_i f_i$ of the $f_i$ which doesn't vanish on any $p_i$.
Since $k$ is infinite and not all $f_i$ vanish on $p_1$,
we can easily find $a_i$ so that $\sum a_i f_i(p_1)\neq 0$
and all the $a_i\neq 0$. If $\sum a_i f_i(p_2)=0$ then,
once again since $k$ is infinite, we can easily jiggle''
the $a_i$ so that $\sum a_i f_i(p_2)\neq 0$ and
$\sum a_i f_i(p_1)$ is still nonzero. Repeating this same
argument for each of the finitely many points $p_i$ gives
a polynomial $f=\sum a_i f_i$ which doesn't vanish on any $p_i$.
Of course I want to use $f$ to define our
hypersurface, but I can't because $f$ might not be homogeneous.
Fortunately, this is easily dealt with
by suitably multiplying the various $f_i$ by the defining equation
of a hyperplane not passing through any $p_i$, then repeating the
above argument. Now let $H$ be the hypersurface defined by $f=\sum a_i f_i$.
Then by construction $H$ contains $Y$ and $H$ doesn't
contain any $p_i$.
\end{proof}

(e) Suppose $Y$ is a set-theoretic complete intersection of codimension
$r$ in $X=\P_k^n$. Then $Y$ is the intersection of $r$ hypersurfaces,
so we can write $Y=H_1\intersect\cdots\intersect{}H_r$ where
each $H_i$ is a hypersurface. By (I, Ex. 3.5) $X-H_i$ is affine for
each $i$, thus
$$X-Y=(X-H_1)\union\cdots\union(X-H_r)$$
can be covered by $r$ open affine subsets. By (c) this
implies $\cd(X-Y)\leq r-1$ which completes the proof.
\end{proof}

\begin{exercise}
{\bfseries (4.9)} Let $X=\spec k[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4]$ be affine four-space
over a field $k$. Let $Y_1$ be the plane $x_1=x_2=0$ and let $Y_2$
be the plane $x_3=x_4=0$. Show that $Y=Y_1\union Y_2$
is not a set-theoretic complete intersection in $X$. Therefore
the projective closure $\overline{Y}$ in $\P_k^4$ is not
a set-theoretic complete intersection.
\end{exercise}
\begin{proof}
By (Ex. 4.8e) it suffices to show that
$H^2(X-Y,\so_{X-Y})\neq 0$.
Suppose $Z$ is a closed subset of $X$, then by (Ex. 2.3d),
for any $i\geq 1$, there is an exact sequence
$$H^i(X,\sox)\into H^i(X-Z,\so_{X-Z})\into H_{Z}^{i+1}(X,\sox)\into H^{i+1}(X,\sox).$$
By (3.8), $H^i(X,\sox)=H^{i+1}(X,\sox)=0$ so
$H^i(X-Z,\so_{X-Z})=H_{Z}^{i+1}(X,\sox)$.
Applying this with $Z=Y$ and $i=2$ shows that
$$H^2(X-Y,\so_{X-Y})=H_{Y}^3(X,\sox).$$ Thus
we just need to show that $H_{Y}^3(X,\sox)\neq 0$.

Mayer-Vietoris (Ex. 2.4) yields an exact sequence
\begin{align*}
H^3_{Y_1}(X,\sox)\oplus{}H^3_{Y_2}(X,\sox)\into{}H^3_Y(X,\sox)\into\\
H^4_{Y_1\intersect{}Y_2}(X,\sox)\into{}
H^4_{Y_1}(X,\sox)\oplus{}H^4_{Y_2}(X,\sox)
\end{align*}
As above, $H^3_{Y_1}(X,\sox)=H^2(X-Y_1,\so_{X-Y_1})$.
But $X-Y_1$ is a set-theoretic complete intersection
of codimension $2$ so $\cd(X-Y_1)\leq 1$,
whence $H^2(X-Y_1,\so_{X-Y_1})=0$. Similiarly
$$H^2(X-Y_2,\so_{X-Y_2})=H^3(X-Y_1,\so_{X-Y_1}) =H^3(X-Y_2,\so_{X-Y_2})=0.$$ Thus from the above exact
sequence we see that
$H^3_Y(X,\sox)=H^4_{Y_1\intersect{}Y_2}(X,\sox).$

Let $P=Y_1\intersect{}Y_2=\{(0,0,0,0)\}$.
We have reduced to showing that
$H^4_{P}(X,\sox)$ is nonzero. Since $H^4_{P}(X,\sox)=H^3(X-P,\so_{X-P})$
we can do this by a direct computation of $H^3(X-P,\so_{X-P})$ using
\cech{} cohomology. Cover $X-P$ by the affine
open sets $U_i=\{x_i\neq{}0\}$. Then the \cech{} complex is
$$\begin{array}{l} k[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_1^{-1}]\oplus\cdots\oplus k[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_4^{-1}]\xrightarrow{d_0}\\ k[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_1^{-1},x_2^{-1}]\oplus\cdots\oplus k[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_3^{-1},x_4^{-1}]\xrightarrow{d_1}\\ k[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_1^{-1},x_2^{-1},x_3^{-1}]\oplus\cdots\oplus k[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_2^{-1},x_3^{-1},x_4^{-1}]\xrightarrow{d_2}\\ k[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_1^{-1},x_2^{-1},x_3^{-1},x_4^{-1}] \end{array}$$
Thus
$$H^3(X-P,\so_{X-P}) = \{x_1^ix_2^jx_3^kx_4^{\ell}:i,j,k,\ell<0\}\neq 0.$$
\end{proof}

\begin{exercise}
{\bfseries (5.6)} {\em Curves on a Nonsingular Quadric Surface.}
Let $Q$ be the nonsingular quadric surface $xy=zw$ in $X=\P_k^3$
over a field $k$. We will consider locally principal closed
subschemes $Y$ of $Q$. These correspond to Cartier divisors on
$Q$ by (II, 6.17.1). On the other hand, we know that
$\pic Q\isom\Z\oplus\Z$, so we can talk about the
{\em type} (a,b) of $Y$ (II, 6.16) and (II, 6.6.1). Let us denote
the invertible sheaf $\sL(Y)$ by $\so_Q(a,b)$. Thus
for any $n\in\Z$, $\so_Q(n)=\so_Q(n,n).$

[{\bf Comment!} In my solution, a subscheme $Y$ of type
$(a,b)$ corresponds to the invertible sheaf $\soq(-a,-b)$.
I think this is reasonable since then $\soq(-a,-b)=\sL(-Y)=\sI_Y$.
The correspondence is not clearly stated in the problem,
but this choice works.]

\noindent(a) Use the special case $(q,0)$ and $(0,q)$, with $q>0$, when $Y$
is a disjoint union of $q$ lines $\P^1$ in $Q$, to show:
\begin{enumerate}
\item if $|a-b|\leq 1$, then $H^1(Q,\so_Q(a,b))=0$;
\item if $a,b<0$, then $H^1(Q,\so_Q(a,b))=0$;
\item if $a\leq-2$, then $H^1(Q,\so_Q(a,0))\neq 0)$.
\end{enumerate}
{\em Solution.}
First I will prove a big lemma in which I explicitely
calculate $H^1(Q,\soq(0,-q))$ and some other things
which will come in useful later. Next I give an independent
computation of the other cohomology groups (1), (2).
\par\begin{lem} Let $q>0$, then
$$\dim_k H^1(Q,\soq(-q,0))=H^1(Q,\soq(0,-q))=q-1.$$
Furthermore, we know all terms in the long exact
sequence of cohomology associated with the short exact sequence
$$0\into\soq(-q,0)\into\soq\into\sO_Y\into{}0.$$
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
We prove the lemma only for $\soq(-q,0)$, since the argument
for $\soq(0,-q)$ is exactly the same. Suppose $Y$ is the disjoint
union of $q$ lines $\P^1$ in $Q$ so $\sI_Y=\soq(-q,0)$.
The sequence
$$0\into\soq(-q,0)\into\soq\into\sO_Y\into{}0$$
is exact. The associated long exact sequence of cohomology is
\begin{align*}
0\into&\Gamma(Q,\soq(-q,0))\into\Gamma(Q,\soq)\into\Gamma(Q,\sO_Y)\\
\into& H^1(Q,\soq(-q,0))\into{}H^1(Q,\soq)\into{}H^1(Q,\sO_Y)\\
\into& H^2(Q,\soq(-q,0))\into{}H^2(Q,\soq)\into{}H^2(Q,\sO_Y)\into 0
\end{align*}
We can compute all of the terms in this long exact sequence. For
the purposes at hand it suffices to view the summands as $k$-vector
spaces so we systematically do this throughout.
Since $\soq(-q,0)=\sI_Y$ is the ideal sheaf of $Y$,
its global sections must vanish on $Y$. But $\sI_Y$ is a subsheaf
of $\sO_Q$ whose global sections are the constants. Since the
only constant which vanish on $Y$ is $0$, $\Gamma(Q,\soq(-q,0))=0$.
By (I, 3.4), $\Gamma(Q,\soq)=k$. Since $Y$ is the disjoint union
of $q$ copies of $\P^1$ and each copy has global sections $k$,
$\Gamma(Q,\sO_Y)=k^{\oplus{}q}$. Since $Q$ is a complete intersection of
dimension 2, (Ex. 5.5 b) implies $H^1(Q,\soq)=0$.
Because $Y$ is isomorphic to several copies of $\P^1$,
the general result (proved in class, but not in the book)
that $H_{*}^n(\sO_{\P^n})=\{\sum a_{I}X_{I}:\text{entries in$I$negative}\}$
implies $H^1(Q,\sO_Y)=H^1(Y,\sO_Y)=0$. Since $Q$ is a hypersurface
of degree $2$ in $\P^3$, (I, Ex. 7.2(c)) implies $p_a(Q)=0$. Thus
by (Ex. 5.5c) we see that $H^2(Q,\soq)=0$. Putting together the above
facts and some basic properties of exact sequences show that
$H^1(Q,\soq(-q,0))=k^{\oplus(q-1)}$, $H^2(Q,\soq(-q,0))=0$
and $H^2(Q,\so_Y)=0$. Our long exact sequence is now
\begin{align*}
0\into&\Gamma(Q,\soq(-q,0))=0\into\Gamma(Q,\soq)=k\into\Gamma(Q,\sO_Y)=k^{\oplus{}q}\\
\into& H^1(Q,\soq(-q,0))=k^{\oplus(q-1)}\into{}H^1(Q,\soq)=0\into{}H^1(Q,\sO_Y)=0\\
\into& H^2(Q,\soq(-q,0))=0\into{}H^2(Q,\soq)=0\into{}H^2(Q,\sO_Y)=0\into 0
\end{align*}
\end{proof}

Number (3) now follows immediately from the lemma because
$$H^1(Q,\soq(a,0))=k^{\oplus(-a-1)}\neq 0$$ for $a\leq -2.$

Now we compute (1) and (2). Let $a$ be an arbitrary integer.
First we show that $\soq(a,a)=0$. We have an exact sequence
$$0\into\sO_{\P^3}(-2)\into\sO_{\P^3}\into\sO_{Q}\into{}0$$
where the first map is multiplication by $xy-zw$. Twisting by $a$
gives an exact sequence
$$0\into\sO_{\P^3}(-2+a)\into\sO_{\P^3}(a)\into\sO_{Q}(a)\into{}0.$$
The long exact sequence of cohomology yields an exact sequence
$$\cdots\into H^1(\sO_{\P^3}(a))\into H^1(\sO_Q(a))\into H^2(\sO_{\P^3}(-2+a))\into\cdots$$
But from the explicit computations of projective space (5.1)
it follows that $H^1(\sO_{\P^3}(a))=0$ and $H^2(\sO_{\P^3}(-2+a))=0$
from which we conclude that $H^1(\sO_Q(a))=0$.

Next we show that $\soq(a-1,a)=0$. Let $Y$ be a single copy
of $\P^1$ sitting in $Q$ so that $Y$ has type $(1,0)$. Then
we have an exact sequence
$$0\into\sI_Y\into\soq\into\sO_Y\into 0.$$
But $\sI_Y=\soq(-1,0)$ so this becomes
$$0\into\soq(-1,0)\into\soq\into\sO_Y\into 0.$$
Now twisting by $a$ yields the exact sequence
$$0\into\soq(a-1,a)\into\soq(a)\into\sO_Y(a)\into 0.$$
The long exact sequence of cohomology gives an exact sequence
$$\cdots\into\Gamma(\soq(a))\into\Gamma(\sO_Y(a))\into H^1(\soq(a-1,a))\into H^1(\soq(a))\into\cdots$$
We just showed that $H^1(\soq(a))=0$, so to see that
$H^1(\soq(a-1,a))=0$ it suffices to note that the
map $\Gamma(\soq(a))\into\Gamma(\sO_Y(a))$ is surjective.
This can be seen by writing $Q=\proj(k[x,y,z,w]/(xy-zw))$
and (w.l.o.g.) $Y=\proj(k[x,y,z,w]/(xy-zw,x,z))$ and
noting that the degree $a$ part of $k[x,y,z,w]/(xy-zw)$
surjects onto the degree $a$ part of $k[x,y,z,w]/(xy-zw,x,z)$.
Thus $H^1(\soq(a-1,a))=0$ and exactly the same argument
shows $H^1(\soq(a,a-1))=0$. This gives (1).

For (2) it suffices to show that for $a>0$,
$$H^1(\soq(-a,-a-n))=H^1(\soq(-a-n,-a))=0$$
for all $n>0$. Thus let $n>0$ and suppose $Y$ is a disjoint union
of $n$ copies of $\P^1$ in such a way that $\sI_Y=\soq(0,-n)$.
Then we have an exact sequence
$$0\into\soq(0,-n)\into\soq\into\sO_Y\into 0.$$
Twisting by $-a$ yields the exact sequence
$$0\into\soq(-a,-a-n)\into\soq(-a)\into\sO_Y(-a)\into 0.$$
The long exact sequence of cohomology then gives an exact sequence
$$\cdots \into\Gamma(\sO_Y(-a))\into H^1(\soq(-a,-a-n)) \into H^1(\soq(-a))\into \cdots$$
As everyone knows, since $Y$ is just several copies of $\P^1$ and $-a<0$,
$\Gamma(\sO_Y(-a))=0$. Because of our computations above,
$H^1(\soq(-a))=0$. Thus $H^1(\soq(-a,-a-n))=0$, as desired.
Showing that $H^1(\soq(-a-n,-a))=0$ is exactly the same.

\noindent (b) Now use these results to show:
\begin{enumerate}
\item If $Y$ is a locally principal closed subscheme of
type $(a,b)$ with $a,b>0$, then $Y$ is connected.
\begin{proof}
Computing the long exact sequence associated to the short
exact sequence
$$0\into\sI_Y\into\soq\into\sO_Y\into{}0$$
gives the exact sequence
$$0\into\Gamma(Q,\sI_Y)\into\Gamma(Q,\soq)\into\Gamma(Q,\sO_Y) \into H^1(Q,\sI_Y)\into\cdots$$
But, $\Gamma(\sI_Y)=0$, $\Gamma(Q,\soq)=k$, and
by (a)2 above $H^1(Q,\sI_Y)=H^1(Q,\soq(-a,-b))=0$. Thus we
have an exact sequence
$$0\into{}0\into{}k\into\Gamma(\so_Y)\into{}0\into\cdots$$
from which we conclude that $\Gamma(\so_Y)=k$ which implies
$Y$ is connected.
\end{proof}

\item now assume $k$ is algebraically closed. Then for any
$a,b>0$, there exists an irreducible nonsingular curve
$Y$ of type $(a,b)$. Use (II, 7.6.2) and (II, 8.18).
\begin{proof}
Given $(a,b)$, (II, 7.6.2) gives a closed immersion
$$Q=\P^1\times\P^1\into\P^a\times\P^b\into\P^n$$
which corresponds to the invertible sheaf $\soq(-a,-b)$
of type $(a,b)$. By Bertini's theorem (II, 8.18) there
is a hyperplane $H$ in $\P^n$ such that the hyperplane section
of the $(a,b)$ embedding of $Q$ in $\P^n$ is nonsingular.
Pull this hyperplane section back to a nonsingular curve $Y$ of
type $(a,b)$ on $Q$ in $\P^3$. By the previous problem, $Y$ is
connected. Since $Y$ comes from a hyperplane section this implies
$Y$ is irreducible (see the remark in the statement of Bertini's
theorem).
\end{proof}

\item an irreducible nonsingular curve $Y$ of type $(a,b)$,
$a,b>0$ on $Q$ is projectively normal (II, Ex. 5.14) if
and only if $|a-b|\leq 1$. In particular, this gives lots
of examples of nonsingular, but not projectively normal curves
in $\P^3$. The simplest is the one of type $(1,3)$ which is
just the rational quartic curve (I, Ex. 3.18).
\begin{proof}
Let $Y$ be an irreducible nonsingular curve of type $(a,b)$.
The criterion we apply comes from (II, Ex 5.14d) which asserts
that the maps
$$\Gamma(\P^3,\sO_{\P^3}(n))\into\Gamma(Y,\sO_Y(n))$$
are surjective for all $n\geq 0$ if and only if
$Y$ is projectively normal. To determine when this occurs
we have to replace $\Gamma(\P^3,\sO_{\P^3}(n))$ with
$\Gamma(Q,\soq(n))$. It is easy to see that the above criterion
implies we can make this replacement if $Q$ is projectively normal.
Since $Q\isom\P^1\times\P^1$ is locally isomorphic to
$\A^1\times\A^1\isom\A^2$ which is normal, we see that $Q$
is normal. Then since $Q$ is a complete intersection which is
normal, (II, 8.4b) implies $Q$ is projectively normal.

Consider the exact sequence
$$0\into\sI_Y\into\soq\into\sO_Y.$$
Twisting by $n$ gives an exact sequence
$$0\into\sI_Y(n)\into\soq(n)\into\sO_Y(n).$$
Taking cohomology yields the exact sequence
$$\cdots\into\Gamma(Q,\soq(n))\into\Gamma(Q,\sO_Y(n))\into H^1(Q,\sI_Y(n))\into\cdots$$
Thus $Y$ is projectively normal precisely if
$H^1(Q,\sI_Y(n))=0$ for all $n\geq 0$. When can
this happen? We apply our computations from part (a).
Since $\soq(n)=\soq(n,n)$,
$$\sI_Y(n)=\soq(-a,-b)(n)=\soq(-a,-b)\tensor_{\soq}\soq(n,n)=\soq(n-a,n-b)$$
If $|a-b|\leq 1$ then $|(n-a)-(n-b)|\leq 1$ for all $n$ so
$$H^1(Q,\soq(-a,-b)(n))=0$$ for all $n$ which implies $Y$ is
projectively normal. On the other hand, if $|a-b|>1$ let
$n$ be the minimum of $a$ and $b$, without loss assume $b$ is
the minimum, so $n=b$. Then from (a) we see that
$$\soq(-a,-b)(n)=\soq(-a,-b)(b)=\soq(-a+b,0)\neq 0$$
since $-a+b\leq -2$.
\end{proof}
\end{enumerate}

(c) If $Y$ is a locally principal subscheme of type $(a,b)$
in $Q$, show that $p_a(Y)=ab-a-b+1.$ [Hint: Calculate the
Hilbert polynomials of suitable sheaves, and again use the
special case (q,0) which is a disjoint union of $q$ copies
of $\P^1$.]
\begin{proof}
The sequence
$$0\into\soq(-a,-b)\into\soq\into\sO_Y\into{}0$$
is exact so
$$\chi(\so_Y)=\chi(\soq)-\chi(\soq(-a,-b))=1-\chi(\soq(-a,-b)).$$
Thus
$$p_a(Y)=1-\chi(\so_Y)=\chi(\soq(-a,-b)).$$
The problem is thus reduced to computing $\chi(\soq(-a,-b))$.

Assume first that $a,b<0$. To compute $\chi(\soq(-a,-b))$
assume $Y=Y_1\union Y_2$ where
$\sI_{Y_1}=\soq(-a,0)$ and $\sI_{Y_2}=\soq(0,-b)$. Thus
we could take $Y_1$ to be $a$ copies of $\P^1$ in one family of lines
and $Y_2$ to be $b$ copies of $\P^1$ in the other family.
Tensoring the exact sequence
$$0\into\sI_{Y_1}\into\soq\into\so_{Y_1}\into 0$$
by the flat module $\sI_{Y_2}$ yields an exact sequence
$$0\into\sI_{Y_1}\tensor\sI_{Y_2}\into\sI_{Y_2}\into\sO_{Y_1}\tensor\sI_{Y_2}$$
[Note: I use the fact that $\sI_{Y_2}$ is flat. This follows
from a proposition in section 9 which we haven't yet reached,
but I'm going to use it anyways. Since $Y_2$ is locally principal,
$\sI_{Y_2}$ is generated locally by a single element and since $Q$ is
a variety it is integral. Thus $\sI_{Y_2}$ is locally free so
by (9.2) $\sI_{Y_2}$ is flat.]
This exact sequence can also be written as
$$0\into\soq(-a,-b)\into\soq(0,-b)\into\sO_Y\tensor\soq(0,-b)\into{}0.$$
The associated long exact sequence of cohomology is
\begin{align*}
0\into&\Gamma(Q,\soq(-a,-b))\into\Gamma(Q,\soq(0,-b))\into
\Gamma(Q,\sO_{Y_1}\tensor\soq(0,-b))\\
\into&H^1(Q,\soq(-a,-b))\into H^1(Q,\soq(0,-b))\into H^1(Q,\sO_{Y_1}\tensor\soq(0,-b))\\
\into&H^2(Q,\soq(-a,-b))\into H^2(Q,\soq(0,-b))\into H^2(Q,\sO_{Y_1}\tensor\soq(0,-b))\into 0
\end{align*}
The first three groups of global sections are $0$. Since $a,b<0$,
(a) implies $H^1(Q,\soq(-a,-b))=0$. From the lemma we know
that $H^1(Q,\soq(0,-b))=k^{\oplus(b-1)}$. Also by the lemma
we know that $H^2(Q,\soq(0,-b))=0$. Since
$\so_{Y_1}\tensor\soq(0,-b)$ is isomorphic
to the ideal sheaf of $b-1$ points in each line
of $Y_1$, a similiar proof as that used in the
lemma shows that $$H^1(Q,\sO_Y\tensor\soq(0,-b))=k^{\oplus{}a(b-1)}.$$
Plugging all of this information back in yields the exact sequence
\begin{align*}
0\into&\Gamma(Q,\soq(-a,-b))=0\into\Gamma(Q,\soq(0,-b))=0\into
\Gamma(Q,\sO_{Y_1}\tensor\soq(0,-b))=0\\
\into&H^1(Q,\soq(-a,-b))=0\into H^1(Q,\soq(0,-b))=k^{\oplus(b-1)}\\
&\hspace{1in}\into{}H^1(Q,\sO_{Y_1}\tensor\soq(0,-b))=k^{\oplus{}a(b-1)}\\
\into&H^2(Q,\soq(-a,-b))\into H^2(Q,\soq(0,-b))=0\\
&\hspace{1in}\into{}H^2(Q,\sO_{Y_1}\tensor\soq(0,-b))=0\into 0
\end{align*}
From this we conclude that
$$\chi(\soq(-a,-b))=0+0+h^2(Q,\soq(-a,-b))=a(b-1)-(b-1)=ab-a-b+1$$
which is the desired result.

Now we deal with the remaining case, when $Y$ is $a$ disjoint copies
of $\P^1$. We have
$$p_a(Y)=1-\chi(\sO_Y)=1-\chi(\sO_{\P^1}^{\oplus a}) =1-a\chi(\sO_{\P^1})=1-a$$
which completes the proof.
\end{proof}
\end{exercise}
\end{document}