Path: BHLectures/sage/Schwarz_radial_null_geod.ipynb

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Kernel: SageMath 7.2.rc1

Radial null geodesics in Schwarzschild spacetime

This Jupyter/SageMath worksheet is relative to the lectures Geometry and physics of black holes

These computations are based on SageManifolds (v0.9)

Click here to download the worksheet file (ipynb format). To run it, you must start SageMath with the Jupyter notebook, with the command sage -n jupyter

First we set up the notebook to display mathematical objects using LaTeX formatting:

In [1]:

%display latex

Spacetime

We declare the spacetime manifold $M$ :

In [2]:

M = Manifold(4, 'M')
print(M)

4-dimensional differentiable manifold M

The Schwarzschild-Droste coordinates $(t,r,\theta,\phi)$ :

In [3]:

X.<t,r,th,ph> = M.chart(r't r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
X

The Schwarzschild metric:

In [4]:

g = M.lorentzian_metric('g')
m = var('m') ; assume(m>=0)
g[0,0], g[1,1] = -(1-2*m/r), 1/(1-2*m/r)
g[2,2], g[3,3] = r^2, (r*sin(th))^2 
g.display()

Radial null geodesics

The outgoing family:

In [5]:

var('u')
outgeod = M.curve({X: [r + 2*m*ln(abs(r/(2*m)-1)) + u, r, pi/2, pi]}, (r, 0, +Infinity))
outgeod.display()

The ingoing family:

In [6]:

var('v')
ingeod = M.curve({X: [-r - 2*m*ln(abs(r/(2*m)-1)) + v, r, pi/2, pi]}, (r, 0, +Infinity))
ingeod.display()

In [7]:

graph = Graphics()
for u0 in range(-20, 20, 2):
    graph += outgeod.plot(ambient_coords=(r,t), prange=(0.01, 1.99), parameters={m: 1, u: u0}, 
                          color='green', style='-', thickness=1, label_axes=False)
    graph += outgeod.plot(ambient_coords=(r,t), prange=(2.01, 8), parameters={m: 1, u: u0}, 
                          color='green', style='-', thickness=1, label_axes=False)
    graph += ingeod.plot(ambient_coords=(r,t), prange=(0.01, 1.99), parameters={m: 1, v: u0}, 
                          color='green', style='--', thickness=1, label_axes=False)
    graph += ingeod.plot(ambient_coords=(r,t), prange=(2.01, 8), parameters={m: 1, v: u0}, 
                          color='green', style='--', thickness=1, label_axes=False)
show(graph, axes_labels=[r"$r/m$", r"$t/m$"], aspect_ratio=1, ymin=-4, ymax=4)

Plot of some light cones:

In [8]:

fout(r,u) = r + 2*ln(abs(r/2-1)) + u
fin(r,v) = -r - 2*ln(abs(r/2-1)) + v

def cone1(r,t):
    return t<fout(r,2) and t>fin(r,0) and r>1
def cone2(r,t):
    return t>fout(r,2) and t>fin(r,0) and t<1.8
def cone3(r,t):
    return t>fout(r,-2) and t>fin(r,4) and t<1.8
def cone4(r,t):
    return t>fout(r,-6) and t>fin(r,8) and t<1.8

graph += region_plot(cone1, (1,2), (0,2), incol='yellow')
graph += region_plot(cone2, (2,8), (0,2), incol='yellow')
graph += region_plot(cone3, (2,8), (0,2), incol='yellow')
graph += region_plot(cone4, (2,8), (0,2), incol='yellow')

show(graph, axes_labels=[r"$r/m$", r"$t/m$"], aspect_ratio=1, ymin=-4, ymax=4)

In [9]:

graph.save("sch_rad_null_geod.pdf", aspect_ratio=1, ymin=-4, ymax=4)

Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates

The ingoing Eddington-Finkelstein chart:

In [10]:

X_EF.<te,r,th,ph> = M.chart(r'te:\tilde{t} r:(0,+oo) th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') 
X_EF

In [11]:

X_to_X_EF = X.transition_map(X_EF, [t+2*m*ln(abs(r/(2*m)-1)), r, th, ph])
X_to_X_EF.display()

In [12]:

X_to_X_EF.inverse().display()

In [13]:

ingeod.display()

In [14]:

outgeod.display()

Plot of the radial null geodesics in terms of the ingoing Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates:

In [15]:

graph = Graphics()
for u0 in range(-20, 20, 2):
    graph += outgeod.plot(chart=X_EF, ambient_coords=(r,te), prange=(0.01, 1.99), 
                          parameters={m: 1, u: u0}, color='green', style='-', 
                          thickness=1, label_axes=False)
    graph += outgeod.plot(chart=X_EF, ambient_coords=(r,te), prange=(2.01, 8), 
                          parameters={m: 1, u: u0}, color='green', style='-', 
                          thickness=1, label_axes=False)
    graph += ingeod.plot(chart=X_EF, ambient_coords=(r,te), prange=(0.01, 8), 
                         parameters={m: 1, v: u0}, color='green', style='--', 
                         thickness=1, label_axes=False)
show(graph, axes_labels=[r"$r/m$", r"$\tilde{t}/m$"], aspect_ratio=1, ymin=-4, ymax=4)

In [16]:

fout(r,u) = r + 4*ln(abs(r/2-1)) + u
fin(r,v) = -r + v

def cone1(r,t):
    return t<fout(r,4) and t>fin(r,2) and t<2
def cone2(r,t):
    return t>fout(r,2) and t>fin(r,0) and t<1.8
def cone3(r,t):
    return t>fout(r,-2) and t>fin(r,4) and t<1.5
def cone4(r,t):
    return t>fout(r,-10) and t>fin(r,8) and t<1.8

graph += region_plot(cone1, (1,2), (0,2), incol='yellow')
#graph += region_plot(cone2, (2,8), (0,2), incol='yellow')
graph += region_plot(cone3, (2,8), (0,2), incol='yellow')
graph += region_plot(cone4, (2,8), (0,2), incol='yellow')

show(graph, axes_labels=[r"$r/m$", r"$\tilde{t}/m$"], aspect_ratio=1, ymin=-4, ymax=4)

In [17]:

graph.save("sch_rad_null_geod_EF.pdf", aspect_ratio=1, ymin=-4, ymax=4)

Plot of the hypersurfaces $t=\mathrm{const}$ in terms of the ingoing Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates:

In [18]:

graph = Graphics()
for t0 in range(-8, 10):
    graph += X.plot(X_EF, ranges={r:(2.01,8)}, fixed_coords={t:t0,th:pi/2,ph:0}, 
                    ambient_coords=(r,te), style={t:'--', r:'-'}, parameters={m:1},
                    color='blue')
    graph += X.plot(X_EF, ranges={r:(0.01, 1.99)}, fixed_coords={t:t0,th:pi/2,ph:0}, 
                    ambient_coords=(r,te), style={t:'--', r:'-'}, parameters={m:1},
                    color='blue')
show(graph, axes_labels=[r"$r/m$", r"$\tilde{t}/m$"], aspect_ratio=1, ymin=-4, ymax=4)

In [19]:

graph.save("sch_SD_slices.pdf", axes_labels=[r"$r/m$", r"$\tilde{t}/m$"],
           aspect_ratio=1, ymin=-4, ymax=4)

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